18 A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



rest of breast, flanks and belly darkish buff to rufous -buff with 

 narrow but widely separated bars of dark brown, centre of belly 

 and under tail -coverts same but without bars, but latter sometimes 

 with a few broken bars ; axillaries rufous-buff ; under wing-coverts 

 same but with ra/fcher broad brown bars ; tail : central pair grey 

 fringed buff, freckled brown-black and with ill -defined wavy brown- 

 black bars, next pair darker and more tinged rufous and with 

 broader and better defined black bars, next pair still darker with 

 broad black bars and with small white or whitish tip, two outer pairs 

 same but with more rufous on outer webs and with long white 

 tips (35-45 mm.) ; primaries dark brown mottled grey at tips, 

 1st to 3rd with rufous bars (usually an edging in 1st primary) on 

 basal half of outer webs and rufous fringe on inner webs, on distal 

 half a large white spot, confined to inner web on 1st primary but 

 often extending as a buff patch on to outer webs of 2nd and 3rd, 

 occasionally smaller white spot on inner web of 4th, rest of primaries 

 with rufous bars across both webs ; secondaries more rufous with 

 black bars and with grey mottling at tips, inner secondaries like 

 scapulars ; primary-coverts barred rufous and black ; greater 

 coverts same but with broader black central streaks, freckled edgings 

 and ill -defined bars, and with buff to rufous -buff spot-like tips to 

 outer webs and inner feathers freckled grey ; median coverts same 

 but more freckled grey ; lesser coverts upper series rufous-buff 

 with a few brown bars and lower series with black centres 

 and bases and rufous and grey, finely freckled tips and edges. No 

 moulting examples and none taken in winter have been available 

 for examination. N.B. — One Sept. adult, one March and one 

 April specimen of C. r. ruficollis were just completing a complete 

 moult, the outer primaries being in sheath, so it is probable that 

 this species has a double moult. 



Adult female. — Like adult male but white spots on primaries 

 and tips of outer tail-feathers smaller and more or less tinged with 

 rufous -buff, spots on primaries sometimes rufous -buff and not 

 white and tip of 3rd pair of tail-feathers without white. 



Nestling. — (Not examined.) 



Juvenile. — (Not examined, but juvenile of C. r. ruficollis is 

 much like adult female but duller on upper-parts and with smaller 

 white spots on primaries and less white on tips of outer tail- 

 feathers.) 



Measurements and structure. — <§ wing 195-204 mm., tail 152- 

 172, tarsus 20-24, bill from feathers 10-12 (7 measured). $ wing 

 187-202. Primaries : 2nd longest, 3rd sometimes equal but usually 

 1-4 mm. shorter, 1st 5-9 shorter, 4th 18-32 shorter, 5th 44-50 

 shorter, 6th 58-65 shorter ; outer webs of 2nd and 3rd emarginated 

 (4th less distinctly), and slightly serrated along edge of emarginated 

 portions. Rest of structure as in C. e. europaius. 



Soft parts. — Bill black-brown, flesh towards base ; legs and 

 feet grey-brown ; iris dark brown. 



