122 A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



Third winter and summer. Male. — After third moult beginning 

 June or July, bird appears to become like fully adult, i.e. when 

 between two and three years old. 



First winter and summer. Female.— As in first winter male 

 moult gradual and individuals varying in period and number of 

 feathers moulted but moult seems always even more incomplete 

 than in male. New feathers of crown, nape, mantle, scapulars 

 and wing-coverts (very few wing-coverts moulted) usually less 

 broadly streaked and barred than in juvenile ; new feathers of 

 rump and upper tail-coverts dull bluish-grey often tinged rufous 

 and with brown bars and blackish subterminal shaft-streaks, more 

 barred and less pure grey than is usual in adult female ; under- 

 pays much as juvenile but brown streaks in new feathers usually 

 less broad. Easily distinguished from adult female by mixture of 

 plumages and more heavily barred and less grey tail. 



Second winter and summer. Female. — Very difficult to trace 

 sequence in female owing to want of distinct differences, which 

 do not vary individually. New feathers in birds moulting into 

 second winter and summer vary as those of adult, some having 

 very grey or finely barred tails, greyish napes and light marked 

 mantles, while others have these distinctions much less clearly 

 marked, and upper- and under-parts much as first winter and 

 summer, but tails always either greyer or more finely barred. 

 N.B. — Females breed in their first summer. 



Measurements and structure. — $ wing 230-252 mm., tail 150-173, 

 tarsus 37-41, bill from cere 13-15 (15 measured). 2 wing 235-265. 

 Primaries : 2nd longest, 3rd sometimes as long but usually 1-6 

 mm. shorter, 1st and 4th 18-24 shorter, 5th 35-45 shorter, 6th 

 48-60 shorter ; 2nd emarginated outer web, 3rd less clearly so 

 (varying) ; 1st very abruptly emarginated and attenuated near 

 tip of inner web, 2nd much less clearly so. Tail considerably 

 rounded. Other structure as in Peregrine Falcon. 



Soft parts. — Bill blue-horn, base pale horn, tip blackish ; cere 

 and bare skin round eye yellow ; legs and feet yellow, claws 

 blackish ; iris brown. 



Characters and allied forms. — F. t. dacotiai (eastern Canary Is.) 

 is smaller, more rufous on under-parts and adults with larger black 

 marks on mantle, scapulars and wing-coverts ; F . t. canariensis 

 (western Canary Is.) as last but considerably darker on upper- 

 and under-parts and crown of adult $ browner and streaked ; F. t. 

 neglectus (Cape Verdes) is intermediate in colour between last two ; 

 F. t. carlo (tropical Africa) is also small and of a deeper and richer 

 rufous on upper -parts than F. t. canariensis ; F. t. inter stinctus 

 ( = saturatus) (N. India, China) very similar to last but rather less 

 heavily marked on upper-parts, crown of adult <J purer grey not 

 so brown or streaked and tail usually less barred ; F. t. japonicus 

 (Japan) is very similar in size and colour to F. t. tinnunculus but 

 rather darker on upper-parts, crown of adult £ darker grey and 



