THE GOSHAWK. 159 



bars or indications of them here and there ; tail-feathers slate- 

 brown, tips white or mottled white, broad penultimate band of 

 dark brown and 3 or 4 similar but narrower bands, feathers some- 

 what mottled with white, especially on outer pair and on basal 

 portions of inner webs of rest, except central pair which usually 

 has some indication of white near shaft ; wing-feathers brown, 

 barred darker browr:, with very narrow whitish tips, outer webs 

 With slight greyish tinge, inner webs, except at tip, with a good deal 

 of white mottled with brown (N.B. — On under side wing- and 

 tail-feathers appear dull greyish-white barred dark brown) ; wing- 

 coverts as rest of upper -parts, but whitish tips usually more notice- 

 able. N.B. — There appears no constant difference between <J and $ 

 in colour or markings. This plumage is acquired by complete 

 moult commencing with wing-feathers in April and body apparently 

 not starting until June but few moulting examples are available. 



Nestling. — At first down (a) rather short with silky tips, cover- 

 ing bird rather thinly, white with faint greyish tinge on upper- 

 parts, dark or grey on lores. Down (b) short, white, very sparse. 

 Later down (c) grows thickly, pushes out down (b) and conceals most 

 of down (a), and is of "woolly " structure, head and under -parts 

 creamy-white, upper -parts pale bumsh-grey . (See Peregrine, p. 108.) 



Juvenile. — Crown dark brown, feathers edged rufous (becoming 

 paler when worn) ; nape with wider and usually more whitish 

 edges ; feathers of rest of upper-parts conspicuously tipped rufous 

 to buff, those of upper mantle, scapulars, rump and upper tail- 

 coverts with basal portion creamy or buff barred brown, this feature 

 varying and being conspicuous in some individuals ; whole under- 

 parts rufous-buff (almost white when worn), with drop-shaped 

 streaks of dark brown, narrower on throat, tibia and under tail- 

 coverts ; tail-feathers much as in adult but usually bands more 

 contrasted and more mottled creamy-buff on outer feathers ; wing- 

 feathers as in adult but pale tips longer and more creamy and often 

 some creamy mottling on outer webs ; wing-coverts with rufous 

 to buff tips as rest of upper-parts, greater and often median with 

 basal portion creamy or buff barred brown. 



First winter and summer. — As juvenile. (Breeds in first 

 summer . — E .H . ) 



Second winter. — The juvenile plumage does not appear to be 

 moulted until second autumn but very few moulting examples 

 have been examined. After this first moult bird appears to become 

 indistinguishable from adult, except that often a few juvenile 

 feathers are retained on rump. 



Measurements and structure. — $ wing 305-330 mm., tail 210-230, 

 tarsus 70-78, bill from cere 21-24 (12 measured). $ wing 340-375. 

 Primaries : 1st between 8th and 9th or shorter than 9th, 4th longest, 

 5th 3-8 mm. shorter (very nearly equal to 4th), 3rd 3-10 shorter, 

 2nd 30-45 shorter, 6th 30-35 shorter ; 2nd to 6th emarginated on 

 outer and 1st to 5th on inner webs. Outer secondaries rather 



