THE GAD WALL. 273 



of upper-breast with alternate black-brown and white bars towards 

 tip, terminal ones crescent-shaped (barring often replaced by in- 

 definite black-brown f recklings) ; rest of breast, belly and vent 

 white or faintly freckled or barred dusky ; sides of body, flanks 

 and short under tail-coverts verrniculated as mantle ; rest of under 

 tail-coverts black ; axillaries and under wing-coverts white ; tail 

 ash-brown, sometimes feathers with blackish borders, outer tail- 

 feathers paler, edged cream or buff and occasionally marked buff ; 

 primaries mouse -grey paler on inner webs shading to white at 

 base ; outer secondaries dark mouse -grey tipped white, succeeding 

 ones with outer webs black, inner ones with outer webs white, 

 innermost mouse-grey ; primary-coverts and bastard-wing mouse- 

 grey, median and lesser primary- coverts same spotted and edged 

 cream ; greater coverts black, outer ones mouse-grey, in some 

 tipped chestnut and with outer web more or less bordered black, 

 inner ones with inner webs mouse -grey ; lower series of median 

 coverts mostly black, or chestnut tipped black, outer ones and 

 upper series chestnut, inner ones mouse -grey spotted and freckled 

 cream ; lesser coverts mouse-grey verrniculated and spotted cream. 

 JS\B. — There are two types of males, one with a brownish and one 

 with a more greyish head and neck. This plumage is acquired by a 

 moult of body-feathers and innermost secondaries Aug. to Nov. or 

 even Jan. In spring a few body-feathers may be renewed other- 

 wise no moult. 



Adult male. Eclipse. — The body-feathers are first moulted, 

 followed by wing and tail from May or June. Upper-parts resemble 

 juvenile male more than adult female, upper-mantle being barred 

 but under -parts not narrowly streaked or spotted as in juvenile 

 and wing that of adult. Head and neck as adult female ; mantle 

 black-brown or sepia, feathers with broader and more V-shaped or 

 semi-circular bars of pink-bufT than in juvenile ; scapulars black- 

 brown or sepia edged cinnamon-burr', upper ones with a V-shaped 

 mark of same ; back and rump sepia tinged olive, feathers with 

 lighter brown edges ; upper tail-coverts as in adult female ; cheeks, 

 sides of neck, chin and throat more heavily streaked than in juvenile; 

 feathers of upper-breast whitish with transverse black-brown bars, 

 an irregular subterminal semicircular or roundish black-brown 

 marking, and tipped cinnamon -buff ; sides of body and flanks as 

 in adult female but feathers with V-shaped buff markings ; rest of 

 breast, belly and vent white, feathers mostly with large roundish 

 spots, larger and not so numerous as in juvenile ; under tail- 

 coverts white with irregular sepia markings, some with dusky 

 vermiculations ; tail apparently as winter ; innermost secondaries 

 shorter, less tapering at tip and tinged brown. 



Adult female. Eclipse. — Crown streaked black-brown glossed 

 dull green, feathers edged warm burl ; nape dusky-brown, feathers 

 edged light buff: ; mantle, scapulars and upper tail-coverts black- 

 brown tinged olive, feathers with broad fringes and most with more 

 or less pronounced V-shaped markings and barrings of burl ; long 

 vol. n. T 



