THE GADWALL. 275 



neck cream-buff instead of yellow-buff ; line through eye narrower 

 and streak below this line absent ; remaining under-parts cream- 

 buff, paler on breast and belly. 



Juvenile. Male. — like eclipse female but easily distinguished 

 by more heavily streaked or spotted under-parts ; feathers 

 of mantle and scapulars more narrowly edged buff than in 

 adult female, sometimes with broad straight buff bars (a few 

 V-shaped) ; back and rump black-brown ; lower-rump and upper 

 tail-coverts as in adult female, at either side of rump small patch 

 vermiculated dusky-black and cream ; feathers of upper-breast sepia 

 or black-brown tipped buff and irregularly barred and marked 

 white ; rest of breast, belly and vent white heavily spotted dusky- 

 brown giving a streaked appearance ; rest of body-plumage as in 

 adult female ; tail mouse -grey or sepia, feathers edged buff ; wing 

 as adult female but black on outer web of middle secondaries more 

 extensive, barring of upper series of median coverts more marked, 

 amount of chestnut on outer ones varies individually and occasion- 

 ally is almost absent. Female. — As male but mantle and scapulars 

 scarcely barred at all, feathers with cream-buff fringes ; back and 

 rump dark sepia, feathers with lighter edges ; feathers at sides of 

 rump with whitish bars not vermiculated; remaining under-parts and 

 tail as male ; wing as male but outer webs of middle secondaries as 

 adult female ; greater coverts olive-brown tipped cream, middle ones 

 more or less black on outer web (amount of black varies individually); 

 median coverts olive-brown edged cream and mostly with a buff 

 bar, those bordering greater coverts more or less black, chestnut 

 absent or at most indicated by faint tips to outer coverts ; lesser 

 coverts olive -brown fringed light buff. 



First winter and summer. Male.* — As adult male, but back 

 as in juvenile (black-brown glossed olive without f recklings) ; in 

 some feathers of breast and belly freckled dusky towards tip giving 

 a spotted appearance, in others breast and belly white ; tail as in 

 adult ; wing as in juvenile but innermost secondaries mouse -grey. 

 The juvenile body -feat hers (apparently not back or rump) tail and 

 innermost secondaries are completely moulted from autumn to 

 March, but not rest of wings. Sometimes many juvenile feathers are 

 retained. 



First winter. Female. — As adult female but wing as juvenile, 

 greater coverts usually with less black than in adult female and 

 chestnut usually absent or merely indicated on median coverts. 

 Moult as male but innermost secondaries do not appear to be 

 moulted and not always all tail-feathers. First summer. — Like that 

 of adult and moult apparently as in adult. 



First eclipse. Male and female. — Apparently as adult eclipse. 



Measurements and structure. — <J wing 260-282 mm., tail 76-93, 



* Sometimes more coarsely barred short upper scapulars and coarsely- 

 barred feathers on sides of body and flanks make their appearance and are 

 subsequently shed. As in other species these feathers no doubt represent 

 traces of a lost plumage. 



