314 A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



rich auburn ; wing (if not flightless) as in winter -summer male. 

 Feathers of crown black-brown, tipped auburn ; nape auburn ; 

 upper-mantle dark mouse -grey or brown-grey, feathers more or less 

 faintly freckled or vermiculated greyish-white and in some tips 

 auburn or faintly tinged buff ; mantle and scapulars coarsely 

 vermiculated deep mouse -grey and greyish- white ; rest of upper- 

 parts as in winter-summer ; cheeks, sides of neck, chin, throat, and 

 fore -neck auburn, feathers with ashy- white bases, imperfectly con- 

 cealed on fore -neck and usually conspicuous on chin and throat ; 

 chin-spot if present ill-defined ; feathers of upper-breast deep 

 mouse-grey deepening to blackish-grey at tip and tipped white (or 

 cinnamon-buff) and more or less speckled same at tip ; feathers of 

 sides of body and flanks drab or mouse-grey coarsely vermiculated 

 greyish-white towards tip ; rest of breast and belly as adult female 

 but many feathers usually more or less vermiculated whitish to- 

 wards tip (in some intermixed with white feathers finely vermicu- 

 lated dusky-brown) vermiculation of under-parts more pronounced 

 in some than in others ; lower -belly and vent as in winter -summer 

 but intermixed with drab-brown feathers, speckled or vermiculated 

 whitish at tip ; short under tail-coverts black-brown tipped white 

 and more or less freckled same, lower ones vermiculated ash -brown 

 and white ; innermost secondaries mouse-grey coarsely vermicu- 

 lated greyish- white. 



Adult female. Winter. — Crown black-brown, feathers tipped 

 cinnamon- brown ; nape and upper-mantle cinnamon- brown, 

 feathers of upper -mantle sometimes faintly vermiculated white (in 

 some nape auburn) ; rest of mantle, scapulars and back deep mouse- 

 grey or brown-grey, coarsely vermiculated greyish-white ; lower 

 scapulars more or less uniform ; rump and upper tail- coverts black 

 or black-brown, sometimes faintly dusted with tiny white specks ; 

 lores, small patch under eye and streak behind eye greyish-white 

 washed cinnamon- bufT (in some these areas uniform with cheeks) ; 

 cheeks, sides of neck and fore-neck dusky, feathers tipped cinnamon- 

 brown and narrowly edged white when fresh (sometimes cheeks, 

 sides of neck and fore -neck auburn) ; chin and throat white often 

 faintly spotted dusky ; feathers of upper -breast deep mouse -grey 

 or drab-brown shading to cinnamon- brown or cinnamon-buff at 

 tips and broadly tipped white ; feathers of sides of body and flanks 

 drab or mouse-grey with distal halves or tips vermiculated white ; 

 feathers of centre of breast and belly mouse -grey or light drab 

 broadly tipped ash-white ; feathers of rest of belly, vent and under 

 tail-coverts deep rnouse-grey or sooty-brown with narrower white 

 tips, in some vermiculated white ; lower under tail-coverts greyish- 

 white vermiculated dusky ; axillaries and under wing- coverts as 

 male ; tail and wing as male, but secondaries without f recklings or 

 vermiculations and more narrowly tipped white, innermost mouse - 

 grey or warm sepia, in some outer web vermiculated whitish ; wing- 

 coverts deep mouse -grey, tips speckled white. This plumage is 

 acquired by complete moult Juty to Nov. 



