THE TUFTED DUCK. 323 



sooty- brown, down with yellowish tips ; centre of breast and belly 

 yellowish-white or pale greenish -yellow, belly more or less suffused 

 sooty-brown ; uropygial tuft sooty-brown. 



Juvenile. Male. — Very like adult winter female but distin- 

 guished by streaked or barred appearance of belly and vent. Crown 

 black-brown, feathers edged cinnamon- brown as in some adult 

 winter females ; upper-parts as in adult female, but feathers of 

 upper-mantle with narrower cinnamon -brown edges ; mantle and 

 scapulars often more plentifully dusted white ; varying amount of 

 white on lores and chin, but apparently not on fore -head, in some 

 white absent or merely indicated ; cheeks, sides of neck, chin, 

 throat and fore -neck black- brown, feathers mostly with narrow 

 yellowish tips ; remaining under -parts as in adult winter female, 

 but feathers of sides of body and flanks without vermiculations ; 

 feathers of belly and vent dusky-brown, narrowly edged white, 

 producing a barred appearance ; tail and wing as in adult male, 

 but tips of tail-feathers usually square with bare shaft projecting. 

 N.B. — One example had breast more or less narrowly streaked 

 dusky. Female. — As male but upper-parts lighter and usually 

 without or with only a few white dots ; cheeks, sides of neck, throat 

 and fore-neck light sepia, feathers without black tips as in adult 

 female ; remaining under -parts and tail as male ; wing as adult 

 female. 



First winter and summer. Male. — Advanced young males 

 acquire most of the adult winter-summer plumage (though some 

 juvenile feathers appear always to be retained on lower -belly) by 

 Dec. Usually distinguishable from adult by retained juvenile 

 feathers of vent, shorter crest and feathers of sides of body and 

 flanks finely vermiculated dusky-brown, more pronounced in some 

 than in others. April birds occur which have only acquired a 

 certain amount of winter -summer plumage and still retain juvenile 

 tail-feathers. Many juvenile body-feathers, usually tail, sometimes 

 innermost secondaries are moulted Oct. to May but not rest of wings. 

 First eclipse. — As adult eclipse and only to be distinguished by 

 retained juvenile feathers on lower -belly and vent. 



First winter. Female, — Like that of adult winter female and 

 apparently only to be distinguished when some juvenile body- 

 feathers are retained. Birds in 1st winter plumage with new tails, 

 but with some juvenile feathers on under-parts occur in Jan., while 

 others even in March are in worn juvenile plumage. Moult as in 

 male. First summer. — Not examined. 



Measurements and structure. — $ wing 198-208 mm., tail 49- 

 57, tarsus 30-35, bill from feathers 38-42 (12 measured). $ wing 

 189-202, bill 38-41. Primaries : 1st narrow, pointed and more than 

 half longest primary -covert, 2nd longest, 3rd equal or 3 mm. shorter, 

 4th 7-12 shorter, 5th 18-24 shorter, 6th 30-38 shorter. Bill a little 

 shorter than head, about same height as breadth at base, wider 

 towards tip, culmen less abruptly concave than in N. f. ferina, nail 

 small and decurved. Adult male with well developed crest, 1-2 



