342 A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIRDS 



Nestling. — Crown, cheeks, all upper-parts, sides of body and 

 thighs black-brown, down with golden-brown tips ; (upper-parts 

 with no light patches) ; cream spot on lores ; small white patch 

 below and in some above eye ; small white streak (absent in some) 

 extending from behind eye towards nape ; upper -breast dusky - 

 brown ; remaining under-parts greyish -white, down with dusky- 

 brown bases. 



Juvenile. Male and female. — Easily distinguished from adult 

 female by more uniform mantle, back and rump, feathers having 

 no russet edges, and scapulars sepia shading to buff-brown at edge. 

 Fore -head and crown black- brown ; nape and lower -neck drab ; 

 upper-mantle drab or sooty-brown, feathers sometimes edged buff- 

 brown ; scapulars sepia shading to buff- brown at edge and broadly 

 tipped same ; rest of mantle, lower scapulars, back, rump, and 

 central upper tail-coverts sooty-brown or brown-black (sometimes 

 feathers edged buff -brown) ; sides of rump and lateral upper tail- 

 co verts ashy- white, feathers tipped brown ; whitish patch usually 

 on lores and another below eye ; streak above and behind eye more 

 or less white, feathers tipped dusky ; cheeks, upper-part of sides 

 of neck, chin, throat and fore-neck drab-brown, rest of side of neck 

 white, in some suffused pale drab ; upper-breast pale drab-grey or 

 sooty-brown, feathers edged buff ; sides of body and flanks pale 

 drab-grey, feathers with buff-brown tips and faint dusky terminal 

 lines ; remaining under-parts white, feathers when fresh with faint 

 terminal dusky lines ; tail-feathers sepia narrowly edged white, 

 outer ones dusky-brown (in some more or less whitish), broader 

 than in adult and with square, instead of pointed, tips ; wing as in 

 adult male but secondaries including innermost, light sepia or hair- 

 brown (not rich warm sepia), innermost shorter than in adult and 

 with rounded, instead of pointed, tips ; wing-coverts black-brown 

 or sepia, greater and a few median tipped buff-brown. 



First winter. Male. — A certain amount of grey plumage like 

 that of adult winter is acquired but first winter males always dis- 

 tinguishable by retained juvenile body-feathers, and worn juvenile 

 tail and wings. Crown, nape and upper-mantle as adult winter 

 male, but intermixed with worn juvenile feathers ; juvenile scapu- 

 lars intermixed with new pale grey ones, in some suffused russet 

 at tip (long scapulars sometimes blackish-grey, outer webs bordered 

 russet, inner white), longer ones usually shorter and less tapering 

 than in adult ; new upper tail-coverts as adult ; remaining upper - 

 parts as juvenile ; lores and cheeks white (in some drab-grey) 

 intermixed with dusky-brown feathers ; patch on sides of neck 

 black- brown, feathers with imperfectly concealed white bases ; 

 chin dusky- brown (in some white) ; throat white intermixed some- 

 times with dusky-brown worn juvenile feathers ; upper-breast 

 more or less intermixed with new black-brown or sepia feathers 

 with white bases and in some tipped white ; new flank-feathers as 

 adult ; remaining under-parts, tail and wings as juvenile ; occa- 

 sionally two central pair of tail-feathers are moulted, new central 



