THE LONG-TAILED DUCK. 343 



pair as in adult male but much shorter, next pair black-brown edged 

 white and pointed at tip but not long and tapering as in adult . Some 

 feathers of head, neck, mantle, scapulars, rump, tail-coverts, upper- 

 breast and flanks but not rest of body-feathers, not usually tail 

 {very occasionally one or two central pairs) and not wings, are 

 moulted Oct. to March. N.B. — Amount of 1st winter plumage 

 assumed varies considerably individually ; birds occur in Feb. still 

 in full juvenile plumage with no signs of moult. 



First summer. Male. — This plumage is acquired by a partial 

 moult of head, neck, mantle, scapulars (in some back and rump), 

 upper tail-coverts, upper-breast, sides of body and flanks from 

 March to June but not rest of breast, belly, vent or under tail- 

 coverts, not tail or wings. Sometimes few, if any, first summer 

 feathers are acquired. Most advanced males have crown, nape, 

 cheeks, and sides of neck as adult summer male ; chin and throat 

 sooty-brown, feathers with broad white imperfectly concealed bases 

 and intermixed with worn white feathers ; new feathers of mantle, 

 scapulars, back, rump and upper tail-coverts as in adult but new 

 long scapulars shorter ; upper -parts usually intermixed with 

 feathers of juvenile or 1st winter ; new feathers of upper-breast 

 black-brown, sometimes with imperfectly concealed white bases, 

 breast never apparently so extensively black-brown as in adult 

 male ; feathers of sides of body and flanks as 1st winter ; rest 

 of under-parts as juvenile ; tail and wing as juvenile, occasionally 

 two central pairs of tail-feathers new (see 1st winter plumage). 



First eclipse. Male. — (Not examined.) 



Second winter and summer. Male. — As adult, but long pair of 

 central tail-feathers considerably shorter. 



First winter. Female. — Like juvenile, but easily distinguished 

 by broad grey edges to scapulars. Head and neck as adult ; new 

 feathers of upper-mantle black-brown edged at sides light grey ; 

 new scapulars with sepia or black-brown centres, more or less con- 

 cealed by broad grey edges (in some an odd scapular suffused 

 russet towards tip) ; new feathers at sides of upper-breast with 

 paler dusky centres and pale grey tips, those of rest of upper -breast 

 white ; new feathers of sides of body and flanks white, in some 

 suffused palest grey ; rest of body-plumage, tail and wing as in 

 juvenile. Most feathers of head, neck, mantle and scapulars, some 

 upper tail-coverts, some feathers of upper-breast, sides of body and 

 flanks, but apparently not back and rump and not rest of under- 

 parts, tail or wings are moulted Oct. to March. N.B. — Moult into 

 first winter is often very partial. 



First summer. Female. — Easily distinguished from adult 

 summer female by retained juvenile body-feathers, worn juvenile 

 tail and wings and darker upper -parts with hardly any indication 

 of cinnamon-buff edges. In some many feathers of upper-parts, 

 including back, rump and upper tail -coverts, head, lower-neck, 

 sides of body and flanks, but not tail or wings are moulted April 

 and May. As in male, birds in moult occur from Oct. to June and 



