370 A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



Adult female. Winter and summer. — Crown to below eye and 

 top of nape black-brown ; centre of nape dusky-brown ; feathers 

 of rest of upper-parts black-brown, broadly fringed olive-brown or 

 cinnamon- brown ; lores dusky-brown ; cheeks, sides of neck, chin 

 and throat brownish-white or whitish-drab, most feathers tipped 

 dusky-brown ; remaining under-parts light sepia or drab deepen- 

 ing to dark sepia or black- brown on upper -breast, sides of body, 

 flanks, vent and under tail-coverts ; feathers of breast, sides of 

 body and flanks usually with olive-brown, cinnamon-brown or 

 yellowish-white edges, those of lower-breast, belly and vent 

 narrowly tipped darker (sometimes some feathers edged yellowish- 

 white or greyish -white) ; tail black-brown ; primaries sepia, outer 

 ones with outer webs and tips darker brown, inner webs as male ; 

 secondaries sepia darker on outer webs, innermost black-brown ; 

 wing-coverts sepia or olive-brown shaded buff-brown or grey-brown 

 towards tip and with faint terminal dusky -brown tips. Moult as 

 male. Insufficient spring material examined to determine whether 

 there is a spring moult or not. Abrasion and fading of edges of 

 feathers of upper-parts gives a characteristically barred appearance 

 in June and late summer. 



Nestling. — Lores, crown down to eye, centre of nape, and rest 

 of upper-parts uniform black-brown ; upper-mantle, sides of body 

 and flanks light sepia rather than black-brown ; a tiny whitish 

 mark below eye not always well-defined ; chin and throat whitish ; 

 band across fore -neck dusky-brown ; remaining under-parts 

 greyish -white ; down of sides of neck, belly and vent more or less 

 tipped dusky-brown. 



Juvenile. Male and female. — Very like adult female but 

 upper-parts lighter and under-parts ashy-white, feathers with 

 dusky-brown bars or spots. Crown to level of eye and top of nape 

 black- brown or dark sepia ; centre of nape dusky -brown ; remain- 

 ing upper-parts sooty-brown or sepia, lighter on scapulars, feathers 

 mostly, especially scapulars, fringed buff-brown ; cheeks, sides of 

 neck, chin and throat cream-buff or ash-white, feathers mostly 

 tipped dusky-brown ; fore -neck, sides of body and flanks dusky- 

 brown or light sepia, feathers tipped buff-brown ; feathers of 

 centre of breast and belly ashy-white with dusky-brown bars Or 

 spots ; vent and under tail -coverts dusky- brown, feathers of vent 

 mos ly edged white ; axillaries and under wing-coverts as adult 

 female ; tail as adult female but with square tips ; coloration of 

 wing as adult female but see under " structure." 



First winter and summer. Male. — New feathers of head and 

 neck black as adult male but duller, ash-brown bases more or less 

 exposed ; new feathers of upper-parts, sides of body and flanks 

 black, sometimes those of flanks black-brown tipped buff-brown ; 

 new feathers of breast, belly and vent drab-brown or sooty-brown ; 

 new tail as adult but less tapering at tip ; wing as juvenile. Some 

 feathers of head, neck, mantle, scapulars, an odd feather of rump, 

 some upper tail-coverts, some feathers of upper-breast, sides of. 



