THE GOOSANDER. 381 



ash-grey ; tail-feathers ash-grey, more or less shading to ash- 

 brown at edges ; primaries black-brown or sepia paler on inner 

 webs and shading to white towards base ; outer secondaries with 

 outer webs black-brown, inner webs brownish -white, inner second- 

 aries white in some marked or vermiculated dusky-brown, inner- 

 most white with one or both webs narrowly bordered black, inner- 

 most one sometimes suffused dark ash-grey on inner web, short 

 ones black-brown more or less suffused dark grey ; primary- 

 coverts, bastard-wing, coverts at edge and bend of wing, and outer 

 greater coverts black-brown (sometimes one or two of latter vermicu- 

 lated white) ; rest of greater coverts white, innermost sepia with 

 grey bloom ; median and some lesser coverts white, rest of lesser 

 and inner median black-brown tipped white. This plumage is 

 acquired by a moult of body-feathers and innermost secondaries 

 from Sept. to Dec. 



Adult male. Eclipse.— The body-feathers (not all those of 

 back and rump or tail-coverts, nor apparently lower-breast, belly, 

 vent or under tail -coverts) are moulted first, followed by tail and 

 wings in Aug. and Sept. Like adult female but easily distin- 

 guished by white wing- coverts. Feathers of lores, crown, crest 

 and part of nape as juvenile, but crest longer (though shorter than 

 in adult female) ; mantle sepia or dusky-brown, feathers edged 

 bluish-grey, intermixed with feathers with black centres tipped 

 bluish-grey ; a whitish streak not always distinct from lower side 

 of upper mandible to eye ; cheeks, sides of neck and fore-neck 

 paler than in adult female and not such a reddish -cinnamon ; a 

 narrow white streak down centre of neck to upper -breast ; remain- 

 ing under-parts as adult female ; sides of body and flanks more 

 plentifully intermixed with white feathers vermiculated ash-grey ; 

 and tipped or subterminally barred same ; tail worn and faded ; 

 innermost secondaries shorter than in adult winter with inner webs 

 dark ash-grey, outer webs greyish-white suffused pale ash-grey and 

 narrowly bordered blackish-grey. 



Adult female. Winter and summer. — Crown and elongated 

 feathers of occipital region snuff-brown, feathers of crown mostly 

 with blackish shafts ; feathers of lores black- brown edged snuff - 

 brown, sometimes a small whitish patch below eye ; chin white ; 

 upper-throat white merging into reddish cinnamon-brown of lower- 

 throat ; rest of head and neck reddish cinnamon-brown ; lower 

 part of nape ash-grey, feathers tipped white ; mantle, scapulars 

 and upper tail-coverts bluish ash-grey, feathers with dark shafts 

 and often shaded brownish-grey centrally ; back and rump as 

 mantle but lighter, feathers of sides of rump tipped white ; feathers 

 of lower-neck with pale ashy-grey centres more or less concealed by 

 broad cream-white tips ; sides of body and flanks ash-grey, feathers 

 with white tips, those bordering breast and belly with inner or both 

 webs white irregularly barred, marked and vermiculated ash-grey ; 

 remaining under-parts in life yellowish-salmon colour ; sometimes 

 feathers of vent spotted ash-grey ; sometimes most of under tail- 



