394 A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



wing as primaries ; greater coverts black-brown, middle ones with 

 outer webs black and broadly tipped white (breadth of white tip 

 varies individually) ; median coverts drab-grey, innermost black- 

 brown ; lesser coverts sepia or black-brown, those at edge of 

 wing more or less edged drab -grey. No moulting examples 

 examined. 



Adult male. Eclipse. — (Not examined.) 



Adult female. Winter and summer. — Fore-head and crown buff- 

 brown shading to dark hair-brown on hinder-crown ; occipital 

 crest cinnamon or cinnamon- brown, paler (sometimes more or less 

 shading to white) towards tip ; chin and throat white sometimes 

 feathers faintly spotted or tipped hair-brown ; rest of head and 

 neck all round hair-brown ; mantle and scapulars black-brown, 

 feathers shading to olive -brown towards tip ; remaining upper- 

 parts as male ; upper and sides of breast and sides of belly hair- 

 brown, feathers with ashy- white or buff- brown tips ; remaining 

 under-parts and tail as male ; wing as male, but innermost second- 

 aries not so long and tapering and with narrower white shaft - 

 streaks, absent on inner ones, inner webs black-brown ; median 

 coverts hair-brown with lighter edges. 



Nestling. — Crown down to eye (nape ?) and upper part of 

 mantle sepia ; remaining upper-parts black-brown ; a small white 

 patch across wing, another on either side of centre of back and at 

 base of uropygial tuft ; sides of face buffish- white, chin, throat and 

 rest of neck white ; fore-neck and upper-breast dingy brownish, 

 sides of body sepia ; remaining under-parts dingy white. 



Juvenile. Male. — (Not examined.) 



Juvenile. Female. — As adult female but crest shorter, upper- 

 parts lighter, dark sepia rather than black-brown ; feathers at 

 sides of upper-mantle, some scapulars, feathers of sides of body 

 and flanks margined with buff-brown ; wing as adult female but 

 innermost secondaries with inner webs sepia and with less pro- 

 nounced white shaft -streaks ; middle greater coverts with less 

 white which is confined to an oval marking on outer webs. 



First winter. Male. — Like adult female, but at sides of upper- 

 mantle extending on to breast a patch of black intermixed with 

 hair-brown feathers, vermiculated ashy-white at tip, this patch 

 separating two whitish patches, feathers more or less freckled dusky 

 extending from upper -breast on to upper -mantle ; feathers in front 

 of wing more or less tipped black ; some scapulars brown-black, 

 rest of upper -parts as adult female ; cheeks, chin and throat inter- 

 mixed with blackish feathers ; upper-breast bordering fore-neck 

 white, feathers more or less mottled dusky-brown towards tip ; 

 sides of body and flanks hair-brown more or less coarsely vermicu- 

 lated pinkish- cinnamon ; rest of under-parts and new tail-feathers 

 as adult male ; wing as juvenile. Most of the body-feathers, some 

 (all ?) tail-feathers, apparently some innermost secondaries but 

 not rest of wings are moulted from Sept. onwards. Very little 

 material examined. 



