THE TURNSTONE. 551 



webs ; median coverts sepia or dusky-brown, sometimes shaded 

 buff-brown towards tip ; lesser coverts black-brown, those at bend 

 of wing tipped white or more or less white, inner lesser and median 

 coverts white, latter often with dusky-brown centres or markings. 

 This plumage is acquired by complete moult July to Oct. Summer. 

 Adult male. — The body-feathers (not all scapulars, nor all feathers 

 of back and rump, nor all upper tail-coverts), usually tail-feathers, 

 innermost secondaries and coverts, usually some (sometimes most) 

 median and lesser coverts are moulted Feb. to June but not rest of 

 wings. Fore -head white ; feathers at base of upper mandible and 

 a band (sometimes incomplete) from eye to eye black ; crown more 

 or less heavily streaked varying black or brown-black, feathers 

 edged white, or buff ; nape white, feathers sometimes tipped dusky 

 and washed russet ; mantle and scapulars varied black glossed 

 green and russet, many feathers tipped or faintly edged white ; 

 back and rump as winter ; upper tail-coverts as winter but some 

 black ones margined ochraceous -tawny ; lores white ; black patch 

 below eye continuous with 

 black band which runs from 

 base of lower mandible to 

 breast ; from sides of neck 

 a black band extends to nape, 

 below this black area a 

 broad white band extends 

 on to sides of breast ; ear- 

 coverts, eye-stripe, chin and 

 throat white ; lower -throat 

 and breast black, feathers 

 faintly margined white; re- The Turnstone (Arenaria L intervres) , 



maining under -parts as win- Female adult, winter. 



ter ; tail-feathers as winter but 



central pair broadly tipped and others usually marked ochraceous- 

 buff ; wing as winter but innermost secondaries and coverts olive - 

 brown and sometimes black-brown glossed olive, notched, margined 

 and varied with russet, sometimes more or less russet ; new median 

 and lesser coverts russet some irregularly marked black or dusky- 

 brown, some with distal portion of feather blacky tipped russet. 

 Adult female. — Moult as male but lesser coverts apparently only 

 occasionally renewed and usually fewer median coverts. As male 

 but black band from eye to eye narrower and often incomplete ; 

 crown black or black-brown, feathers narrowly edged buff, appar- 

 ently never edged white ; nape white more or less washed buff, 

 feathers spotted and marked with dusky-brown or black (sometimes 

 distal portions of feathers more or less sooty-brown) ; mantle and 

 scapulars darker than in male, feathers with fewer russet edgings 

 and markings ; black patch below eye less extensive, black band 

 across sides of neck narrower ; innermost secondaries and coverts 

 black-brown glossed olive or olive -brown, narrowly margined, and 

 sometimes irregularly marked, russet ; median coverts as male 



