THE CURLEW-SANDPIPER. 



573 



innermost as mantle ; primary-coverts sepia edged white ; wing- 

 coverts ash-brown edged white, broadly on greater coverts, shafts 

 dark. This plumage is acquired by complete moult July to Dec. 

 N.B. — One Feb. example (N. Zealand) with 3rd primary of each 

 wing in quill, one Feb. and two March (Australia) with outer 

 primaries in quill. 



Adult male. Summer. — The body-feathers (not all scapulars, 

 nor all feathers of back and rump, nor all upper tail-coverts), 

 usually tail-feathers, usually some innermost secondaries and 

 coverts, some median coverts and sometimes one or two lesser 

 coverts are moulted Feb. to July, but not rest of wings. (Some- 

 times some winter body-feathers are retained on upper- and under - 

 parts and no median and lesser coverts are moulted.) Crown black- 



+ 



The Curlew-Sandpiper (Calidris ferruginm). 



To show curved bill and white upper tail-coverts of 

 adult winter. 



brown, feathers edged orange -cinnamon and faintly tipped white, 

 white edges sometimes more or less pronounced ; nape orange- 

 cinnamon, feathers narrowly tipped white and streaked or spotted 

 sepia ; mantle, scapulars and new feathers of back and rump brown- 

 black mostly edged ash-grey and more or less notched and tipped 

 orange -cinnamon ; upper tail-coverts white (sometimes washed 

 pink-cinnamon) barred black-brown ; chin whitish ; sides of face 

 and neck and under -parts (except tail-coverts) russet, feathers 

 edged white and sometimes some more or less indistinctly spotted 

 sepia, flanks and sometimes lower-breast and belly barred sepia 

 subterminally (flanks, belly and vent sometimes more or less inter- 

 mixed with white) ; under tail-coverts white more or less tinged 

 russet and with a few dusky bars ; tail-feathers as winter but 

 central pair sometimes with an oval pink-cinnamon mark or 

 edging ; wing as winter but new innermost secondaries and new 

 wing-coverts as mantle ; new lesser coverts as winter. Female. — 

 As male but feathers of upper -parts with more numerous ash-grey 

 tips, not so plentifully and richly marked orange -cinnamon as male ; 

 sometimes sides of face and of neck paler ; feathers of throat and 

 breast usually paler and more broadly tipped white and usually 

 more plentifully barred and spotted sepia ; belly and vent some- 

 times more or less white. 



Nestling. — (Not examined.) 



Juvenile. — Crown sepia, feathers edged buff ; nape ash-brown, 



