THE COMMON SANDPIPER. 607 



f Inner secondaries, at least partially, pure white 

 5^ except at base T. totanus, p. 624 



[_ None of the inner secondaries pure white . 6 

 e /Feet reddish T. erythropus, p. 62 8 



\ Feet greenish T. nebularia, p. 631 



„ f Shaft of 1st developed primary brown . 8 



\ Shaft of 1st developed primary white . 11 



8 f Upper tail-coverts white . ■ . . . . T. ochropus, p. 616 



\ Upper tail-coverts brown . 9 



f Tail almost square T. solitaria, p. 618 



9-{ Tail well rounded, middle tail-feathers distinctly 



(^ longer than lateral ones . . . .10 

 , /Middle secondaries chiefly white .... T. hypoleucos, p. 607 



\ Middle secondaries only white at base and tips . T. macularia, p. 610 

 • , /Bill over 34 mm., much slenderer T. stagnatilis, p. 634 



\ Bill under 34 mm., much stronger ... T. glareola, p. 612 



TRINGA HYPOLEUCOS* 



405. Tringa hypoleucos L.— THE COMMON SANDPIPER. 



Tringa Hypoleucos Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. x, i, p. 149 (1758 — Europe. 



Restricted typical locality : Sweden). 



Totanus hypoleucus (Linnaeus), Yarrell, in, p. 446 ; Saunders, p. 605. 



Description. — Adult male and female. Winter. — Upper-parts 

 (except nape) olive-brown, feathers with sepia shafts and mostly 

 faintly edged light buff and (except those of crown) mostly with 

 subterminal bar and irregular mottlings and shadings of sepia ; 

 upper tail-coverts with incomplete sepria barrings ; nape greyish 

 olive -brown, sometimes without dark shaft -streaks ; sides of back 

 and rump white ; lateral upper tail-coverts with outer webs more 

 or less white, barred sepia ; ill-defined eye -stripe white, streaked 

 olive-brown ; lores olive-brown ; ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck 

 and lower -throat pale buff or white narrowly streaked olive-brown 

 (sometimes ear-coverts and sides of neck more or less uniform 

 greyish olive-brown) ; sides of upper-breast greyish olive-brown, 

 feathers with sepia shafts and mostly with white tips ; remaining 

 under -parts white ; under primary-coverts and under lesser coverts 

 olive-brown towards base ; tail-feathers olive-brown, two central 

 pairs usually with a subterminal sepia bar and notched sepia along 

 edge of feather, sometimes narrowiy tipped white, remainder with 

 broad white tips and more or less barred or notched sepia, two 

 outer pairs more or less white barred or shaded sepia ; primaries 

 sepia, 3rd and succeeding with an irregular white patch about 

 middle of inner webs, ill-defined on 3rd, occasionally indicated on 

 2nd, inner ones tipped white ; secondaries sepia, tipped white and 

 with a broad white band across middle of both webs, forming a 



* As Linnseus spelt the name Hypoleucos, a substantive, "the Hypo- 

 leucos," not an adjective, we should, not alter the gender. For the same 

 reason the Numenius, which Linnaeus called "the Arqttata " of the older 

 writers, must be called Numenius arquata. — E.H. 



