608 A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



conspicuous wing-bar, 9th and sometimes 8th more or less white, 

 10th olive -brown sometimes edged and marked white ; innermost 

 and their coverts as upper-parts ; primary-coverts sepia narrowly 

 tipped white ; greater coverts olive-brown, broadly tipped white, 

 inner ones with subterrninal sepia shadings ; lesser coverts olive - 

 brown edged and notched light burl with a subterrninal bar of sepia ; 

 median coverts same but usually notched sepia at sides and some- 

 times barred alternately buff and sepia with considerable individual 

 variation in character and pattern of barring. JST.B. — Upper -parts, 

 innermost secondaries and wing-coverts are more olive in some 

 than in others. Individuals occur with inner secondaries identical 

 with those of T. macularia. This plumage is acquired by complete 

 moult commencing July with body -feathers ; birds moulting remiges 

 occur Sept. to March ; several Feb. and March had 4th, 3rd or 2nd 

 primary in quill with, in most cases, summer body -feathers growing. 

 Summer. — The body-feathers, tail-feathers, innermost secondaries 

 and coverts, usually some median and lesser coverts are moulted 

 Feb. to May ; (sometimes some winter body-feathers are retained). 

 General coloration as winter but upper -parts (except nape), inner- 

 most secondaries and coverts, median and lesser coverts often 

 bronze -brown, in others oh ve -brown ; crown, nape, mantle and 

 scapulars streaked sepia, mantle and scapulars with arrow-shaped 

 marks, bars and irregular mottlings of sepia, feathers faintly tipped 

 light buff ; ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, throat and upper- 

 breast with pronounced sepia streaks ; remaining body -plumage 

 as winter ; tail-feathers as winter but 4th to 6th pairs (from outside) 

 often with incomplete sepia bars ; wing as winter but innermost 

 secondaries and coverts as mantle ; new median and lesser coverts 

 as winter or with two or three irregular wavy bars of sepia, and 

 sometimes with arrow-shaped sepia marks and f recklings as mantle. 

 N.B. — Abrasion of edges of feathers in late summer makes barrings 

 and arrow-shaped markings of upper -parts more conspicuous. 



Nestling (Plate 9). — Down on fore-head, crown and upper- 

 parts light or warm buff, tipped sooty-black ; nape light buff, down 

 with sooty-black bases ; from base of upper mandible to back of 

 crown a narrow median black-brown line, another from nape to 

 uropygial tuft, latter barred black and buff ; down at back of thighs 

 white suffused buff and tipped sooty-black ; a black-brown line 

 from base of upper mandible through eye ; sides of neck and lower- 

 throat white, down sooty-black at base ; remaining under -parts 

 white. 



Juvenile. — Like adult winter but feathers of upper -parts 

 (except nape) with subterrninal sepia edgings and tipped warm buff, 

 some with incomplete bars and notches of sepia and buff ; feathers 

 of nape faintly edged light buff ; under -parts as adult but feathers 

 of sides of neck and sides of breast faintly edged buff and often with 

 faint subterrninal sepia markings ; tail as adult but central, and 

 sometimes outer, feathers tipped, edged and notched buff ; wing ai 

 adult but innermost secondaries and coverts as scapulars, median 



