THE YELLOWSHANK. 621 



dark ash-brown, feathers tipped white ; upper tail-coverts white 

 more or less barred ash-brown ; eye-stripe white more or less 

 streaked ash-brown ; loral streak ash -brown ; ear -coverts and cheeks 

 white, spotted and streaked ash-brown ; sides of neck, lower -throat 

 and upper -breast white narrowly streaked ash -brown or sepia 

 (upper- breast sometimes finely freckled ash-brown), sides of upper- 

 breast as mantle ; sides of body and flanks white irregularly barred 

 or freckled ash-brown ; axillaries and under wing-coverts barred 

 white and ash-brown ; remaining under -parts white ; two central 

 pair tail-feathers ash-brown, barred or notched black-brown and 

 narrowly edged white, remainder white more or less barred, marked 

 or shaded ash-brown ; primaries black-brown, lighter on inner webs, 

 2nd with white and rest with sepia, shafts, inner ones narrowly 

 tipped white ; secondaries dark ash -brown narrowly edged white ; 

 innermost secondaries and greater and median coverts as scapulars, 

 innermost median broadly edged white ; primary-coverts black- 

 brown ; lesser coverts dark ash-browm narrowly bordered white. 

 This plumage is acquired by complete moult commencing with 

 body -feathers in July and remiges in autumn and winter and even 

 spring (Feb. and March). Summer. — Most body-feathers, usually 

 all tail-feathers, some innermost secondaries and coverts, usually a 

 good many median coverts and sometimes a few lesser coverts are 

 moulted Feb. to April. Crown and nape broadly streaked black- 

 brown, feathers bordered white ; mantle and scapulars black- 

 brown, feathers tipped and notched ash-brown or white, some 

 scapulars ash-brown with obsolete black-brown bars and notched 

 white or light ash ; back, rump and upper tail-coverts as winter 

 but tail-coverts usually more heavily barred ; cheeks, sides of neck, 

 lower -throat and breast boldly streaked sepia ; feathers at sides of 

 upper -breast more or less ash-brown and sepia, mostly tipped and 

 irregularly marked white ; flanks white broadly barred ash-brown ; 

 tail and wing as winter but innermost secondaries and coverts as 

 scapulars ; new median coverts barred and marked black-brown 

 and tipped and notched white. 



Nestling. — (Not examined.) 



Juvenile. — Like adult winter but crown and nape sepia, feathers 

 narrowly edged light buff or white ; mantle and scapulars sepia 

 notched light or pink-buff, scapulars and sometimes some feathers 

 of mantle notched black-brown ; back and rump ash-brown, 

 feathers notched and edged light buff or white ; lower -throat and 

 upper-breast as adult but streaks broader ; tail-feathers usually 

 more closely barred (barring sometimes obsolete), and narrower and 

 more pointed than in adult ; wing as adult but innermost second- 

 aries and coverts as scapulars but black-brown notches larger ; 

 greater and median coverts sepia, edged and notched light buff ; 

 lesser coverts sepia, narrowly edged light buff or white. 



First winter. — As adult and only distinguished by faded and 

 worn sepia wing-coverts with worn buff notches, and worn juvenile 

 tail-feathers. The juvenile body-feathers, not all scapulars, some- 



