626 A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



black-brown, feathers edged pink-buff and drab ; nape same but 

 streaks narrower ; mantle and scapulars drab, feathers faintly 

 tipped white and irregularly streaked, barred or marked black- 

 brown and more or less margined pink-buff ; ear-coverts, cheeks ,. 

 sides of neck, chin, throat and breast white streaked and spotted 

 black-brown ; sides of breast as mantle ; flanks and under tail- 

 coverts more heavily barred than in winter ; rest of body-plumage 

 as winter ; tail as winter but central pair sometimes suffused pink- 

 buff ; wing as winter but new innermost secondaries and wing- 

 coverts as scapulars. 



Nestling (Plate 9). — Down on fore -head buff ; a black median 

 line from base of upper mandible to centre of crown, another from 

 above centre of eye encircling crown ; rest of crown pink-cinnamon, 

 down tipped black-brown ; from upper mandible above eye and 

 down nape a buff band ; a black line from lores through eye and 

 down sides of nape ; centre of nape sooty-black, down tipped warm 

 buff ; from nape almost to uropygial tuft a black median band ; a 

 black line across wing, two lines on either side of back ; another 

 along thighs ; a sooty-black patch above exposed tibia ; remaining 

 upper -parts warm buff or pink-cinnamon, down mostly tipped black- 

 brown ; upper -breast suffused buff ; remaining under -parts white. 



Juvenile. — Like adult winter but crown sepia, feathers edged 

 cinnamon-buff ; nape paler, feathers tipped light buff ; mantle and 

 scapulars sej)ia, feathers edged and notched cinnamon -buff, scapulars 

 notched black-brown; sides of neck, lower -throat and breast light buff 

 or white heavily streaked sepia ; tail-feathers barred white and sepia 

 and more or less suffused buff, narrower and more pointed at tip 

 than in adult ; wing as adult but innermost secondaries and median 

 coverts as scapulars ; lesser coverts sepia, inner ones tipped white. 



First winter. — As adult winter and only to be distinguished by 

 worn buff edges and notches to retained juvenile median coverts 

 (least abraded on innermost) and by juvenile tail-feathers. The 

 juvenile body -feathers, not all scapulars, one or two central pairs 

 and sometimes all tail-feathers, usually some innermost secondaries 

 and coverts and some median and lesser coverts are moulted Aug. 

 to Jan. but not rest of wings. First summer. — Apparently as adult 

 but does not acquire so much summer -plumage. Distinguished by 

 retained juvenile wing-coverts as in first winter. 



Measurements and structure. — $ wing 152-160 mm., tail 57-67,. 

 tarsus 45-50, bill from feathers 38.5-43 (12 measured). $ wing 

 156-162, bill 40-45.5. Primaries : 1st minute, 2nd longest, 3rd 

 equal or 2-5 mm. shorter, 4th 5-10 shorter, 5th 13-20 shorter, 6th 

 23-30 shorter. Longest inner secondaries between 4th and 6th 

 primaries. Bill straight and slender, groove in up]3er mandible about 

 half or slightly more than half length of culmen. Other structure 

 as in T. flavipes. 



Soft parts. — Bill pink-horn, base of under mandible orange - 

 yellow ; legs and feet (ad.) orange -red, (juv.) pale orange -yellow ;. 

 iris brown. 



