623 A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



Migrates in winter as far south as S. Africa. Represented by closely 

 allied subspecies in Iceland, central and eastern Asia south to 

 Kashmir, wintering in India to Celebes and Philippines. 



413. Tringa totanus robusta (Schioler) .— THE ICELAND RED- 

 SHANK. 



Totanus calpdris robustus Schioler, Dansk Orn. Foren. Tidskr., xiii, 



p. 211 (1919— Iceland). 



Tringa totanus robusta, A. C. Jackson, Brit. B., xiv, p. 280. 



Description. — Adult male and female. Winter. — Coloration in- 

 distinguishable from Common Redshank and moult same. Summer. 

 — Like Common Redshank but upper -parts darker and browner ; 

 under -parts more heavily spotted and broadly barred black-brown. 



Juvenile and first winter. — Coloration indistinguishable from 

 Common Redshank. 



Measurements and structure. — £ wing 157-171 mm., bill 36-5- 

 43. $ wing 158-170, bill 38-45 (24 <J 15 9 measured, Iceland breed- 

 ing birds, Schioler in litt.). One first winter $ (15.10.13 near Inver- 

 ness) had wing 175 mm. Structure as in Common Redshank, but 

 bill and feet stronger and stouter. 



Breeding-habits. — Differ little from those of Common Redshank. 

 Haunts marshy ground at low levels. Nest. — Hollow in ground in 

 marsh, lined dry grasses, etc. Eggs. — Xormally 4, occasionally 3 

 only. Small series examined appear rather lightly marked. 

 Average size of 15 eggs, 44.6x31.2. Max.: 46x32.1. Min. : 

 43x31.5 and 46x30 mm. Breeding -season. — End May and early 

 June. Incubation. — Apparently by female only. Single brooded. 

 Distribution. — British Isles. — Probably regular autumn to spring 

 migrant. Examples identified from east and west coasts Scotland, 

 east coast England, north Wales and west Ireland Oct. to March 

 (ut supra). 



Distribution. — Abroad. — Breeds Iceland and possibly Fseroes. 

 Partial migrant, doubtless doAvn western shores of Europe, one 

 specimen Marocco. Probably this form which has been recorded as 

 Redshank from Greenland. 



TRINGA ERYTHROPUS 



414. Tringa erythropus (Pall.)— THE SPOTTED REDSHANK. 



Scopopax erythropus Pallas, Vroeg's Cat. Coll., Adumbratiuncula, 



p. 6 (1764— Holland). 



Scolopax Maculata Tunstall, Orn. Brit., p. 3 (1771 — Great Britain. Ex 



Zool. Brit.). 



Scolopax Cantabrigiensis Latham, Gen. Synops., Snppl., p. 292 (1787 — Ex 



" Cambridge Godwit," Gen. Synops., m, i, p. 146). 



Totanus fuscus (Linnoeus), Yarrell, ni, p. 474 ; Saunders, p. 617. 



Description. — Adult male and female. Winter. — Crown ash-brown ; 

 nape, mantle and scapulars ash-brown, feathers faintly tipped white, 

 most scapulars notched black-brown and white ; back and rump 

 white ; upper tail-coverts white closely barred black-brown ; broad 



