632 A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



black-brown ; greater and median coverts ash-brown, tipped white, 

 usually with a subterminal sepia shading (sometimes notched sepia) ; 

 lesser coverts sepia mostly narrowly edged white. This plumage is 

 acquired by complete moult June to Jan. Summer. — The body- 

 feathers, usually some or all tail-feathers, some innermost second- 

 aries and coverts, usually some median and lesser coverts are 

 moulted Jan. to May but not rest of wings ; some body -feathers are 

 often retained. Like winter but fore -head and crown heavily 

 streaked sepia or black-brown, feathers edged whiter nape same 

 but streaks narrower ; mantle and scapulars black-brown or sepia, 

 feathers edged and notched white or ash-brown, intermixed with 

 ash-brown feathers streaked, shaded or mottled black-brown and 

 tipped white, scapulars mostly irregularly notched or barred sepia ; 

 lores, sides of face and neck white, narrowly streaked black-brown ; 

 under -parts white, chin and throat slightly, and lower -throat and 

 breast heavily, spotted black-brown, flanks irregularly barred and 

 marked sepia ; tail and wing as winter but innermost secondaries 

 and coverts as scapulars, new median coverts as mantle. 



Nestling. — Like nestling Common Redshank but pink-cinnamon 

 of upper-parts replaced by greyish -white, suffused light buff on 

 mantle, back and rump ; line through eye sometimes interrupted 

 in front of eye ; sides of face and neck and fore-neck greyish -white, 

 down with sooty-brown bases ; remaining under -parts white. 



Juvenile. — Like adult winter but feathers of fore-head, crown 

 and nape streaked sepia and edged white or light buff ; mantle and 

 scapulars sepia edged and irregularly marked buff ; lower scapulars 

 ash-brown with sepia shafts and notches and edged light buff ; 

 upper tail-coverts white mostly with faint terminal dusky lines , 

 some irregularly marked sepia ; cheeks and sides of neck heavily 

 streaked sepia ; lower -throat and breast white, feathers mostly 

 with triangular shaped sepia spots giving a streaked appearance 

 most pronounced at sides, some with faint terminal dusky tips ; 

 flanks slightly marked or tipped dusky ; tail-feathers more or less 

 edged buff and tips more pointed ; wing as adult but most primaries 

 tipped buff or white ; innermost secondaries and coverts pale sepia 

 or ash-brown edged buff, sometimes barred or notched sepia ; 

 median coverts sepia edged buff, edges incomplete on innermost ; 

 lesser coverts darker, some faintly edged buff. 



First winter. — As adult winter and only to be distinguished by 

 worn and faded juvenile wing-coverts, (innermost median coverts 

 with incomplete or narrow buff or white tips, not broadly tipped 

 white as adult), and by worn juvenile tail-feathers. The juvenile 

 body-feathers, some or all tail-feathers, some innermost secondaries 

 and coverts, some median and lesser coverts are moulted Aug. to 

 March but not rest of wings. First summer. — No certain examples 

 examined. Some spring birds in worn first winter plumage are 

 moulting into plumage as winter. 



Measurements and structure. — £ wing 184-194 mm., tail 68-80^ 

 tarsus 55-61, bill from feathers 50-56 (12 measured). $ wing 184- 



