658 A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



coverts sepia or drab, broadly tipped white ; median coverts drab> 

 with dark shafts and narrowly edged white ; lesser coverts sepia r 

 faintly edged white. This plumage is acquired by complete moult 

 Aug. to Dec. Summer. — Most of the body-feathers, sometimes 

 tail, some innermost secondaries and coverts, usually a few median 

 coverts and an occasional lesser covert are moulted Feb. to June,, 

 but not rest of wings ; a varying number of winter body -feathers 

 are retained and sometimes no new median coverts are acquired. 

 Male. — Crown heavily streaked black-brown, feathers edged pink- 

 cinnamon, some narrowly tipped white ; nape pink-cinnamon r 

 more or less spotted or streaked sepia ; new feathers of mantle and 

 scapulars sepia or black-brown, some tipped drab and irregularly 

 barred or notched and fringed pink-cinnamon, some drab with 

 sepia streaks ; remaining upper -parts as winter ; eye -stripe light 

 pink-cinnamon ; lores sepia ; cheeks, sides of neck, chin, throat 

 and fore -neck pink-cinnamon, sometimes more or less finely spotted 

 sepia, in some chin white ; breast, sides of belly and flanks pink- 

 cinnamon, feathers tipped white and broadly barred sepia ; belly 

 and short under tail-coverts white, feathers mostly broadly barred 

 sepia or dusky, and sometimes edged pink-cinnamon ; rest of under- 

 pays as winter ; tail and wing as winter but some new innermost 

 secondaries and coverts as scapulars ; new median coverts as 

 mantle, some with alternate pink-cinnamon and sepia bars ; new 

 lesser coverts drab with central sepia shadings and a faint buff or 

 pink-cinnamon marking. Female. — As male but crown sometimes 

 as winter, feathers with central sepia shaft -streaks, sometimes 

 edged pink-cinnamon ; nape usually paler, feathers tipped whitish- 

 drab ; mantle and scapulars drab, feathers with sepia shaft or 

 irregular markings, some edged pink-cinnamon ; scapulars mostly 

 notched alternately pink-cinnamon and sepia ; sides of face as 

 winter ; sides of neck and fore-neck paler, plentifully spotted 

 sepia, feathers tipped white and sometimes drab ; rest of under- 

 pays whiter and with fewer bars than in male ; feathers of breast 

 and flanks often tipped drab and sometimes intermixed with 

 drab feathers barred sepia. N.B. — There is considerable individual 

 variation in summer plumage of females ; some are almost as 

 brilliantly coloured as males. 



Nestling. — Like nestling L. I. lapponica but line from base of 

 bill to crown less defined ; light buff of upper -parts replaced by 

 light pink-cinnamon ; sides of face and neck, chin, throat, fore- 

 neck and breast white, suffused light pink-cinnamon. 



Juvenile. — Fore -head and crown streaked sepia feathers edged 

 light pink-cinnamon ; nape light pink-cinnamon, feathers of mantle 

 and scapulars sepia with light pink-cinnamon tips, most scapulars 

 bordered and notched same ; remaining upper -parts as adult ;. 

 lores sepia, feathers tipped pink-buff ; streak above eye and patch 

 below eye white, cheeks narrowly streaked drab, feathers faintly 

 edged pink-buff (sometimes uniform pink-buff) ; sides of neck^ 

 lower-throat and breast light pink-cinnamon ; sides of breast and 



