702 A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



shaft-streaks ; back and sides of crown and nape blackish, much 

 streaked white, feathers having grey-black centres and wide white 

 fringes, those of nape elongated and pointed ; back of neck extend- 

 ing on to upper-mantle white ; mantle, scapulars and back ash- 

 grey, scapulars tipped white ; rump nearly, and upper tail-coverts 

 nearly or quite white ; whole under-parts, including under- wing, 

 white, sometimes with salmon-pink tinge, especially on concealed 

 portion of feathers ; tail white, but usually a penultimate dark 

 grey streak on inner web of outermost feather (sometimes this is 

 absent and sometimes other feathers are slightly marked grey) ; 

 primaries : outer webs and tips silver-grey, shafts white, broad 

 grey-black line along shafts on inner webs (on 2nd primary (outer- 

 most) width of line at tips of primary-coverts is equal to width of 

 outer web), rest of inner webs to tips white, inner primaries paler ; 

 secondaries with inner webs and tips white and outer webs pale 

 ash-grey and sometimes narrow dark grey shaft-line ; primary- 

 coverts silver-grey with dark grey line along shaft on inner webs 

 of outer feathers ; rest of coverts ash-grey as mantle, shading to 

 white round edge of wing. This plumage is acquired by complete 

 moult Aug.-Dec. Bummer. — Another complete moult takes place 

 Feb. -April, but it seems doubtful if outer 5 or 6 primaries always 

 moult twice as 2nd is often not fully grown when inner primaries 

 are commencing spring moult. Plumage as winter, but fore -head, 

 upper half of lores, whole crown to level of lower part of orbit and 

 nape jet-black, feathers of nape more elongated and pointed than 

 in winter, outer tail-feathers pure white without grey streak on 

 inner web ; salmon -pink tinge on under-parts, when present, 

 stronger. 



Nestling (Plate 10). — Down on head, neck, upper-mantle, 

 wings, sides of neck, and upper -throat of matted appearance due to 

 number of filaments of down being joined together in a common 

 sheath at tip* as in Roseate Tern. Lower half of upper -parts and 

 rest of under-parts with down separated and tips fine. Matted 

 portion of upper -parts and throat pale buff, bases of down black and 

 some black mottling on crown and sides of head and a black line 

 along wing ; rest of upper -parts buffish-white, mottled grey- black ;. 

 rest of under-parts white. 



Juvenile. — Fore-head, upper-lores, whole crown, nape, and 

 narrow line under eye black, feathers edged and tipped sandy-buff, 

 which at first almost obscures black, but subsequently becoming 

 worn and whitish and revealing more black (feathers of nape very 

 little elongated and tips not pointed) ; hind-neck white with some 

 grey-black speckles ; mantle, scapulars, and back washed pale 

 sandy-buff (becoming almost white when worn) and widely barred 

 brown-black ; upper tail-coverts white, some with black marks and 

 buff wash at tips ; tail-feathers : tips washed sandy-buff (white 



* Judging by a bird growing feathers much of this down becomes separ- 

 ated later.— H.F.W. 



