728 A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



terminal black spot or patch on outer web), 9th as last but with 

 very narrow black edging at tip of inner web and sometimes none 

 and no black on outer web, 10th and 11th blue-grey with blackish 

 shafts (sometimes black at tip of inner web of 10th) ; secondaries 

 blue-grey as upper-parts with black-grey shafts, innermost tipped 

 ash-white ; primary-coverts white with sometimes very fine black 

 shaft-streaks ; coverts along edge of wing and bastard-wing white ; 

 rest of coverts blue-grey as upper-parts. This plumage is acquired 

 by complete moult Aug. to Nov. Summer. — A partial moult 

 involving body-feathers only (not wing-feathers, wing-coverts or 

 tail-feathers) takes place Jan. to April. As winter but whole head 

 all round blackish-slate, narrow white line round posterior three- 

 fourths of eye ; back of neck white not ash-grey as winter ; under- 

 pays sometimes suffused pink especially it is said in life. 



Nestling. — (Not examined.) 



Juvenile. — Fore-head and sides of crown over eyes white ; 

 centre of crown brown, feathers slightly tinged bumsh-white ; 

 back of neck white, feathers tipped brown ; mantle, scapulars, and 

 back with distal portions of feathers brown and tips bumsh-white, 

 broadest on scapulars, narrowest on back ; rump and upper tail- 

 coverts white ; in front of eye a small black-brown spot and on 

 hinder ear-coverts a large one ; usually some buff -brown on sides 

 of upper -breast otherwise under-parts white ; tail white with 

 broad subterminal brown-black band, which is broken or absent in 

 outermost pair ; primaries : 2nd (outer) as adult but inner web 

 with broad black stripe along shaft extending not quite to tip, 

 3rd and 4th as 2nd but black stripe on inner web narrower and some 

 white on base of outer web of 4th, 5th as adult but grey on inner 

 web paler and duller and often some black near base of outer web, 

 6th as 5th outer web white or whitish-grey, 7th as 6th but more 

 grey wash on outer web, 8th to 11th grey (not so blue-grey as adult) 

 with grey tips and broad black subterminal bands ; secondaries as 

 inner primaries but black bands extending only half across inner 

 webs and bases of feathers shading to white, innermost mostly 

 black-brown with grey bases and pale buff to whitish tips ; primary- 

 coverts white with varying amount of brown-black subterminally 

 and along shafts, outer feathers often mostly black with white tips ; 

 greater and median coverts blue-grey, tipped buff but innermost 

 as innermost secondaries ; lesser coverts brown-black narrowly 

 fringed buffish, bases grey, uppermost series mostly grey and those 

 along edge of wing white. 



First winter. — Body-feathers as adult winter but wing -feathers, 

 wing-coverts and tail as juvenile but tips of wing-coverts much 

 worn and showing more blue-grey. The body -feathers are moulted 

 Aug. to Nov., but not wings or tail. First summer. — The body- 

 feathers are again moulted in early spring but not wings or tail. 

 As first winter, but head usually a mixture of white and lead-grey 

 but sometimes much as winter. 



Second winter and summer. — As adults but some tail-feathers 



