750 A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF BRITISH BIRDS. 



paler and less heavily streaked ; mantle and scapulars paler and 

 more buff, new feathers having distal halves creamy -buff with sub- 

 terminal brown bar ; wings and tail as juvenile. The juvenile 

 body-feathers are moulted Aug. to Nov., but varying number are 

 retained (often many) and wing- and tail-feathers and wing-coverts 

 are not moulted. N.B. — White edges of retained juvenile feathers 

 of mantle and scapulars become much worn. First summer. — A 

 partial body-moult similar to that in first autumn takes place 

 Jan. -March. New feathers of upper -parts buff, barred brown as 

 first winter giving a paler, more buff and less brown appearance 

 than juvenile ; crown and neck whiter with streaks much as 

 adult winter ; under -parts white with more or less concealed pale 

 brown bars and marks ; wings and tail as juvenile. N.B. — As in 

 first winter many juvenile body-feathers are retained and number 

 of these moulted varies individually. 



Second winter. — Crown and neck whiter and not so heavily 

 streaked as 1st winter but streaks much broader than adult and 

 mottled on nape ; mantle and scapulars blue -grey with varying 

 amount of brown shaft-streaks, narrow bars or mottlings and buff 

 tinge, lower scapulars tipped white ; back as mantle but sometimes 

 like rump and upper tail-coverts white with varying amount of pale 

 brown shaft-streaks and broken bars ; under-parts white lightly 

 streaked and mottled pale brown ; tail with well-defined broad 

 black-brown subterminal band (sometimes this is broken up even 

 in central feathers) and distal to it narrow, close, wavy black-brown 

 bars and streaks, outer feathers with less barring and outermost 

 mostly white with subterminal brown central patch and a few spots 

 or streaks but usually not complete bars (closeness of barring and 

 streaking on tail-feathers varies) ; primaries : outer 4 or 5 dark 

 brown, inner webs paler and ash-grey at base, 2nd sometimes with 

 white (mottled brown) subterminal spot, 6th and 7th or 7th and 8th 

 pale brown or brown-grey finely mottled darker, with dark brown 

 subterminal band and white tip, rest whitish-brown to blue-grey 

 slightly mottled darker and with dark shafts and white tips ; 

 secondaries dull grey with varying amount of brown marking and 

 mottling near tip especially on outer webs, tips dull white ; primary- 

 coverts brown tipped dull white ; wing-coverts as juvenile but 

 paler with broad bumsh-white bands and varying number dull blue- 

 grey with brown marks as mantle. This plumage is acquired by a 

 complete moult as in adult. Second summer. — Body-plumage as 

 adult summer, but some scapulars mottled pale brown and some 

 pale brown mottlings on under-parts ; wings and tail as 2nd 

 winter. \£\ 



Third winter and summer. — Like adult but varying amount of 

 brown mottling on tail (occasionally pure white), 2nd primary often 

 with less white at tip than in adult and sometimes white is speckled 

 with brown, 3rd primary often without mirror, primary-coverts 

 usually mottled, freckled or marked with varying amount of brown 

 but sometimes blue-grey with dark shaft-streak and occasionally 



