THE GLAUCOUS GULL. 767 



winter but upper-parts with more creamy-white and fewer and 

 paler brown bars ; under-parts not so dark. 



Second winter. — Resembling first summer but whiter ; head 

 less streaked ; rest of upper-parts, tail, secondaries and wing- 

 coverts more creamy-white with less and fainter brown bars, 

 mantle sometimes tinged grey ; under-parts paler ; primaries and 

 primary-coverts brownish -white with pale brown mottlings and 

 subterminal patches (outer primaries often nearly pure white 

 without brown markings). Second summer. — As winter but whiter 

 owing to wear and gradual fading of retained winter-feathers, 

 exposed portions of which become white or with only trace of brown 

 markings. N.B. — Body-moult is only very partial but new feathers 

 are like those of winter though often some ash-grey feathers are 

 grown on mantle. Some birds in 2nd winter appear almost pure 

 white but concealed portion of plumage has pale brown markings. 

 There is considerable individual variation and some birds have 

 brown markings much fainter and fewer than others but whitest 

 stage is reached in second summer when feathers are much worn 

 before 3rd autumn moult. 



Third winter. — Crown heavily streaked brown and feathers of 

 nape and back of neck with distal portions brown and many of 

 them often fringed creamy-white ; mantle, scapulars and wing- 

 coverts pale buff-brown with a few streaks and sometimes narrow 

 bars of darker brown especially on wing-coverts, and feathers of 

 mantle and scapulars frequently more or less ash-grey or tinged 

 ash-grey and many feathers fringed creamy- white ; rump, upper 

 and under tail-coverts and lower flanks broadly barred brown ; 

 under-parts pale brown mottled white ; tail and secondaries pale 

 brown finely barred and mottled creamy-white ; primaries and 

 primary-coverts almost uniform very pale brown shading to white 

 at tips and on inner webs of primaries, with faint mottling or 

 freckling of darker brown at tips especially of inner primaries, but 

 usually this is scarcely apparent or absent in primary-coverts and 

 outer primaries. N.B. — These f recklings are very fine and do not 

 form any definite subterminal brown mark as in primaries and 

 primary-coverts of 1st and 2nd winters. Third summer. — No certain 

 example examined but exposed portions of feathers of wings appear 

 to become whiter or nearly white by wear and fading and head 

 nearly white and mantle with more ash-grey by moult. 



Fourth winter. — Like adult but with small but varying amount 

 of fine pale brown freckling, barring or mottling on rump, upper 

 tail-coverts, under-parts and tail ; inner secondaries, greater wing- 

 coverts and some median and lesser only tinged grey and also with 

 fine pale brown frecklings ; primaries ash-grey with more or less 

 tinge of pale brown and occasionally some faint freckling, tips white, 

 primary-coverts with often considerable brown tinge. N.B. — In 

 some examples brown markings are absent from some parts above 

 detailed. Fourth summer. — As winter but head and back of neck 

 white as in adult or with a few pale brown streaks on crown and 



