THE KITTIWAKE GULL. 771 



black, shaft grey, inner web pale blue-grey shading to white on inner 

 edge, 3rd and 4th with only long tips black, outer web pale blue-grey, 

 5th with shorter black tip and small white apical spot, 6th with 

 subterminal black band and white tip, sometimes band broken 

 into two spots and occasionally no black, sometimes tip blue-grey 

 as rest of feathers, rest of primaries pale blue-grey shading to white 

 on inner edge of inner webs to tips, 7th occasionally with black 

 subterminal spot on one or both webs ; secondaries blue-grey, 

 tipped white ; primary-coverts and all wing-coverts dark blue- 

 grey as mantle. This plumage is acquired by complete moult June, 



Tips of three outer primaries of adult Kittiwake Gull (Rissa t. tridactyla) 



to Dec. Summer. — The body -feathers are moulted March and 

 April, but not wing- or tail-feathers, nor wing-coverts. Plumage 

 as winter but whole head and neck and upper-mantle pure white. 



Nestling (Plate 11). — Closely covered with longish down with 

 fine silky tips. Whole head and neck and tips and edges of wings 

 glossy-white tinged cream ; rest of upper-parts dark grey-brown 

 with varying amount of creamy-white intermixed ; whole under- 

 pays white. Down is succeeded by juvenile feathers to tips of 

 which it clings. 



Juvenile.— Whole head white, blackish-grey round eye and 

 patch on posterior ear-coverts, nape tinged grey ; back of neck 

 and upper-mantle white, feathers with long black tips (forming 

 broad black collar) ; rest of upper -parts as adult but feathers of 

 back lightly tipped black ; under-parts white ; tail white broadly 

 tipped black but outermost feathers without black or with only 

 narrow tip to inner webs ; primaries : 2nd (outer) brown-black 

 with inner half of inner web white but not extending to tip which 

 is brown-black, 3rd and 4th same but with rather more than half 

 inner web white, 5th with shorter black tip and white of inner web 

 extending nearly or quite to shaft and base of outer web fringed 

 grey, 6th with black tip, small white apex, ash-grey outer web 

 (extending on to inner web) with brown-black streak near base and 

 rest of inner web white, 7th ash-grey outer web and half inner web, 

 rest of inner web and tip white with brown-black subterminal band, 



