SURVIVING REFUGEES OF ANCIENT ANTARCTIC LIFE. 285 
described, the South Pacific would stretch within a few degrees 
of the Pole into a deep bight or gulf extending from Tasmania 
to Cape Horn. Into the western extremity would open the long 
and narrow tongue of what is now the Tasman Sea. When the 
climate cooled, the fauna at the head of this Antarctic Gulf, as 
I propose to call it, would be driven northwards to milder zones, 
By diverging meridians a similar fauna would reach New Zealand, 
New South Wales and Chili! In a precisely similar manner, 
Darwin® has shown how the northern Glacial period drove the 
same Polar flora by radiating paths to the Alps, Himalayas and 
Alleghanies, where they now survive stranded on mountain tops. 
If, when this northward migration occurred, continuous land 
had reached from Australia to Chili, then none of the fauna of 
the Antarctic Gulf could have entered either the Indian or the 
South Atlantic Oceans. We have, however, no warrant for 
believing that the Antarctic bridge long endured as continuous 
and contemporaneous land ; and that it was pierced by channels 
is proved by the escape of stray members of that characteristically 
Antarctic genus Struthiolaria to Patagonian coasts (S. ornata, 
Sowerby)? on the one hand, and to Kerguelen(S. mirabilis, Smith)* 
on the other. 
The destruction’ which the ancient fauna of the Antarctic Gulf 
has endured and the length of time which has elapsed since its 
expulsion, deprives us of much hope of reconstructing it. Since 
that event, for instance, the genus Haliotis has probably altogether 
srown up as a characteristic feature of the modern Australian 
a aes — cenrence of Concholepas, recent only in South America, as 
te ag Australia.—These Proceedings, ante, 1893, p. 171. 
3 os of Species, Chap. x1. 
, gine Geol. Obs. 8S. America, pp. 376, 618, pl. iv., f. 62. 
: iran Roy. Soc., Vol. CLXVIII., p. 170, pl. ix., f. 3. 
“We seem [in the Pliocene] to be dealing with the remains of an 
ee fauna disappearing rapidly before the conquering host of ng 
ia. which had invaded New Zealand some time previously.”— 
» Macleay Memorial Vol., p. 36. a : 
