426 SIDNEY H. RAY. 
This character without doubt is found in the Ponape dialect, 
becoming not 0 emphatic, but.o locative, an office not very dis- 
similar to its Hawaiian use. It is used to point out, or as one 
may say to locate persons or things. Ofa canoe it would be said, 
if far away, war o, the canoe yonder in the distance. So of a 
man o/ 0, so of some subject under discussion which has been 
remarked about, then dropped, the thought o. As a locative, in 
the plural it is sutlixed to the root letter of the particle of plurality 
kan, thus, k +0=ko or ako with prefixed vowel, and in use stands 
thus: war ako, the canoes yonder, jop ako, the ships yonder, ran 
ako, the days passed away. 
In Ponape this particle often adds to its power of location and 
becomes almost an adjective meaning ‘same,’ as war o ta, the 
canoe yonder, the same one seen but alittle while before ; aramaj 
o ta, the same person disappearing has reappeared ; ikaw ta, the 
same cloth shown a little while since. Such are the offices to 
which 0 locative is appointed in the Ponape dialect. Possessing 
a little less or a little higher power than ‘‘o emphatic” in Hawaiian 
no one would for a moment doubt but that the two are one and 
the same particle. It was so recognised by the Rev. L. H. Gulick.* 
[The Hawaiian particle o is of course the same as the common 
Polynesian ko, Samoan ‘o, used principally with absolute nomin- 
ative cases of nouns in an assertive sense. The only Melanesian 
language which employs it in this sense is the Fiji, but as 4 
demonstrative the word is very common throughout the Melanesian 
region. Cf. N eugone, o re koe, the ship, a certain known ship 5 
Aneiteum, aien aig ko, that same yonder is he, ko, an affix mean- 
ing yonder ; Tanna, nadi igo, that thing, in igo, that there ; with 
the Ponape examples above. Dr. Codrington? gives ko, ka or a8 
a demonstrative particle in the New Hebrides, Arago and Santo; 
in Bank’s Islands, Gaua, Vanualava, and Motlav. The Solomon 
Islands Ulawa ho is probably the same. The Fiji has the particle 
1 Ponape Grammar, p. 20. 
? Melanesian Languages, p. 105. 
