LANGUAGES OF PONAPE AND HAWAII. 497 
nasalized as nggo (qo) equivalent to “this,” or “here.” In Mota 
it appears as an article o tanun, the man. | 
§ 6. La Directive. 
Closely allied to o emphatic, not in office but as an important 
particle is the word Ja. In Hawaiian it is “‘a beautiful expletive” 
accompanying all verbal directives. It is said also to have ‘a 
slight reference to locality.” Its position in the sentence changes 
the accent, 3 
In Ponape the same particle meets us, not the same merely in 
orthography but often in similar uses, as well as in dissimilar, 
though the latter by no means negative its uses in similarity. In 
Ponape Ja seems often in its uses to be merely an “expletive,” it 
often has reference to locality, it largely affects the accent when 
suffixed, but its more important use is as a directive, putting 
things to the farthest extreme of time and space. It at times 
seems to give to the verb a passive power ; thus, a me la, he is 
dead, a o Ja, it is broken; but these passive sentences can easily 
be referred to Ja as directive. 
[The particle is of common use in the Polynesian dialects. In 
Samoan /a is “ there,” and ra is used in the same way in Raro- 
tongan and Tahitian. In Nukuhivan na is used like the Hawaiian 
la, and the Mangarevan ara is used both of place and time. In 
the Melanesian languages Ja is used as a demonstrative, chiefly 
relating to place, pointing to an object as this, or that, to a place 
as here or there. The degree of nearness or remoteness indicated 
varies in different languages, but the demonstrative character of 
the word is plain. In the following table I give a summary of the 
forms found. 
Simple— 
1. Pointing near, (‘“this,” or “here”) Ja, Jo, le. 
2. Pointing far, (“that” or “there”) Ja, lo, li. 
3. Indefinite, Ja, lo, le, li. 
Compounds with other particles— 
1. Pointing near, ro-ne, ku-ri, ke-li. 
2. Pointing far, ka-la, nia-la, ku-ra, re-k. 
