498 SIDNEY H. RAY. 
The languages in which these forms occur extend from the Loyalty 
Islands to the Solomons. In New Guinea and the Malay Region 
* la is not apparent as a demonstrative, but is probably found in 
the Malagasy iry, that afar, ary, there. | 
§ 7. PREPOSITIONS. 
The prepositions of Hawaii and Ponape have much in common, 
though in form they widely differ. 
The Hawaiian are: a, 0, ka, ko, na, no, 1, ma, me, mai. 
The Ponape are: en, ong, ni, iang, ki, pa, pan, ren, jong. 
The Hawaiian Grammar refers to two classes of these particles, 
the “simple” and the “compound.” The “compounds” are the 
simple prepositions joined to other words, generally denoting place, 
and they may be regarded as “adverbs of place.” The Ponape 
also possesses compound forms, but in these the simple prepositions 
suffix pronouns rather than adverbs, and they may be called pro- 
nominal prepositions rather than adverbs of place. 
The “simple prepositions” possess in both tongues the mere 
office of “showing a connection and relation between other words.” 
There are three features to be especially noted as common to 
the two languages. 
1. The simple prepositions are used to decline the noun and 
pronoun. The Hawaiian noun is spoken of as declined, but it is 
not declined in the proper sense of the term, 7.¢., by possessing 
terminals to denote its relation to other parts of speech, as in 
Greek, Latin or German. There is nothing of this. But these 
simple prepositions come in, or some of them, to denote the rela- 
tion of the noun, whether in the genitive, or dative, or other cases 
As these are well marked by the preposition, the noun is spoken 
of as declined, an expression proper enough if it be understood. 
It has not been usual to speak of the Ponape noun as thus de- 
clined. It has been described as possessing the three general 
divisions, nominative, possessive, objective, but the last case boa 
made to include the dative, accusative and ablative. This eit 
of expressing the noun or pronoun arose from the fact that it 5 
