432 
Examples. 
Abstract 
Concrete 
SIDNEY H. RAY. 
Hawaiian. 
ka owaio, the truth 
ka pono, the justice 
ke kaumaha, the weight 
ka ino, the badness 
elemakule, an old man 
luwahine, an old woman 
halau, a long house 
oopa, a lame person 
Ponape. 
pirap, theft 
lamalam, purpose 
likak, grief 
toto, weight 
kirip, unmarried person 
peneinei, a married couple 
tanipaj, a chief’s house 
pokolong, a cripple. 
2. The Hawaiian noun is often formed by prefixing a syllable 
to the “radical form.” The syllables so used are, ma, na, po, ho, 
o, thus :— 
malu, shade, mamalu, umbrella 
hae, to break, nahaehae, rent, broken 
ino, bad, poino, unfortunate.* 
Ponape observes the same rule but with different particles: 
pirap, to steal, li-pirap, a theif. 
patak, to teach, joun patak, a teacher.” 
porone, to send, wan-poron, a messenger. 
The Ponape particles most generally used are /i, jou, wat, aii, 
ka, kan. 
3. In Hawaiian person, number, gender, and case are not indi- 
cated by any change in the noun itself. 
Ponape. 
The same applies to 
4. The singular, dual and plural numbers are distinguished in 
both languages, but there is no change in the noun itself, particles 
of peculiar form being used. 
5. The signs of the Hawaiian dual and plural are, (excluding 
numerals) na, mau, poe, pae, puu. 
abe es 
1 Examples of this formation are not very clear in the Hawauan 
m e words given are verbs rather than nouns. 
2 The word jou is the Melanesian ta or tau, man. 
Cf. jou n patak, map 
of teaching, with the New Guinea Motu, ahediba tawna, teaching its ma” 
