LANGUAGES OF PONAPE AND HAWAII. 433 
In Ponape the particles are, a, ka an (or keen), kan, kat, ka, ko." 
Hawaiian na denotes indefinitely large numbers, poe is a sign 
of plurality as indefinite, but is restricted to the set or company 
of things under discussion, and is used more in reference to per- 
sons and animals than to inanimate objects. Pae and puu have 
much the same office of plurality as poe, but refer rather to col- 
lections of things inanimate. 
In Ponape, kaan (or keen) gives plurality, but with the special 
idea of “repetition,” ‘‘rows.” Kan denotes plurality, any number 
above duality. Kat refers to numbers equally as large, but they 
must be things “at hand” in close proximity ; the particle does 
not notice the kind of thing, whether animate or inanimate. Ka 
is much the same as kat, but refers to objects or persons ata little 
further remove. o still expresses plurality large or small, above 
the dual, but has no reference to persons, Or things distant in 
time or place.” 
Tabulated the particles would stand thus :— . 
Hawallan. 
Na, plurality indefinitely large. 
Pae, plurality of objects under discussion and objects inanimate. 
Puu, nearly the same as pae. 
Poe, plurality, relating to things under discussion, excluding all 
others, refers to animate objects. 
PonaPE. 
Kaan (or keen), plurality, but things in rows ; ‘repetition. 
Kan, plurality, all above duality. 
Kat, plurality, but only of things at hand. 
1 In Gulick’s Ponape Grammar ka seems to be used as a noun of mul- 
ttn de. Ka’n im a multitude or collection of houses, (Cf. Fiji vei vale) a 
village. Kan is not referred to separately, but is given as a —— 
eae ne es cs Be is givea as a pronoun and referred to a 
demonstrative kao. 
2In Mortlock Island kana is the usual sign of the plural. In Ebon, 
Marsh all Island, ko is used for the plural, except with names of human 
gs. 
-Ba—Deec, 4, 1895. 
