448 SIDNEY H. RaY. 
2. Other Verbal expressions—(a) The Hawaiian possesses a 
passive voice, formed by suffixing ia to the root of the verb. 
Ponape also possesses a passive, which exists in two forms. The 
first, and more regular, prefixes the preposition pa to the root. 
_ The other form is made by suffixing certain particles to the root. 
(6) The Hawaiian. verb is reduplicated in the following ways: 
(1) First syllable only : lawe, to carry, lalawe. 
(2) Both syllables ; lawelawe. 
(3) Second syllable only : lawewe. 
(4) First syllable is repeated three times: lalalawe. This 
gives a frequentative sense, “to carry often.” 
The Ponape possesses some of these forms. 
(1) The simple root is reduplicated: tang, to run, tangiang. 
(2) First syllable only: naitik, to beget ; nainaitik. 
(3) The root except the last letter: matang, to play, mata- 
matang. 
(4) A syllable is inserted, similar in sound : inta, to say, 
inf tin )ta. 
The reduplicated forms while somewhat numerous in Ponape, 
do not possess the power of the Hawaiian, to beget new forms of 
conjugation, nor is the meaning of the word so materially changed. 
The Hawaiian possesses a causative form, made by pretixing the 
particle hoo: hoo-lawe, to cause to carry, hoola, to save, to make 
live. Ponape has also a causative, formed by prefixing ka to the 
verbal root, ka-maur, to make live, ka-mela, to kill, make dead. 
[Though so dissimilar in form these two prefixes are probably 
of identical origin. Hawaii is exceptional among the Polynesian 
languages in having the form hoo for the causative. The prefix 
is the same as the Marquesan haa, which by the elision of & and 
substitution of h for fis the faka of Tonga. 
The prefix among the Melanesian languages takes similar vari- 
ations. In Fiji it is vaka, in the New Hebrides, vaka or v79% 
1 That the syllable ho is the representative of fa or fe is evident by 
comparing allied words in the Polynesian tongues: e.g., words for land, 
star: Hawaiian honua, hoku; Tongan fonua, fetuw; Samoan fanua, a: 
