q 
) 
LANGUAGES OF PONAPE AND HAWAII. 449 
in the Solomon Islands it is faga or haa. A very common 
Melanesian form is fa, va, wa or ha, in the Loyalty Islands a or o- 
Coming to the Micronesian languages we find the same prefix. 
As in Melanesia it is simplified by the suppression of the guttural 
so in Micronesia it is usually wanting in the labial. Hence the 
Kusaie ak, Ponape kuk, Ebon and Gilbert Islands ka. This is 
further weakened in the Mortlock Islands to a.| 
§ 14. VerBaL DIRECTIVES. 
“ Verbs generally, in Hawaiian, are supposed to havea motion 
or tendency in some direction. This motion or tendency is 
expressed by several little words which follow as near after the 
verb as the construction of the sentence will allow. The motion 
is either towards the speaker or agent, or from him, up or down or 
sideways, either to the right hand or left. Even those verbs 
expressive of the most quiescent state, have this peculiarity. We 
have something similar in the English phrases, drink up, drink 
down, etc.” This paragraph from the Hawaiian Grammar applies 
also to Ponape. 
Hawaiian Directives are: Ponape Directives are: 
Mai, hither, towards one 
Aku, from the speaker 
Iho, downwards 
Ae, upwards 
Ae, also means ‘sideways’ or 
oblique motion. 
To, towards one 
We, from one, a short distance 
La, from one, at the farthest 
_ extreme é 
Ta, upwards 
Ti, downwards. 
[The Hawaiian directives are those common in Polynesia; mai, 
atu, ifo, ake. They are used also in most Melanesian languages, 
the two last in the fuller forms of siwo and sake. In Micronesia 
the Ponape directives seem to be limited to the Caroline Islands 
languages, Ebon has tok, hither, Jok, thither. The Gilbert Isiands 
have the Polynesian directives in the forms, ma?, hither ; 720, 
downwards, rake, upwards. ‘The directive ‘thither’ is nako, 
- is commonly used as a verb ‘ go’ in Melanesia. Of. Fiji 
] i 
Cc—Dee. 4, 1895, 
