Grasshoppers associated with injury ......... Orthoptera, Acrididae 
Walkingsticks associated with injury ....... Orthoptera, Phasmatidae 
C. Twig Pruning and Other Injury 
. Injured portion hollowed or mined; injury caused by larvae or bark 
beetles sawiichyane wsuallivapresente trek ewe ee essen eb ees 
Injury caused by external feeding or ovipositing, which removes a portion 
of the bark or causes a definite mechanical injury or a resin-infiltrated 
SC Algae er) ere men nae Tt eta tino doa Or Oh Mar SMe hte are cache Oa aid, tele 
Cottony masses on tops of twigs concealing the insects; conifers ..... 
Homoptera, Coccidae, Phylloxeridae 
Injury on two or more whorls of the terminal of conifers; inactive, 
curved larvae under bark or in pupal cells in wood........ Coleoptera, 
Curculionidae 
Twigs or branches of hardwoods or conifers containing bark beetles or 
powderpost beetles or a cylindrical shotlike hole, usually darkly 
stained, directly entering injured portion ....Coleoptera, Scolytidae, 
Bostrichidae 
(NUT ELE UTS UT Se ae ea aR Ren ag 
ihwicsnotmined=below fading portion 2... 06.52. basse. ee Se boa eee 
Twigs mined far below fading portion, tunnel often extending to the 
ROU Oe meg Aree ae ate a Ee ws fe oe Coleoptera, Cerambycidae 
. Larvae with prolegs; often pitch masses at point of injury . . Lepidoptera, 
Olethreutinae 
Larvae without conspicuous prolegs; usually a spine on last segment 
5 olGe MEDS Bik. A a Gaeta OO a ie ee RE AT Ie Hymenoptera, Siricidae 
. Larvae with well-developed prolegs; usually colored; usually in more tender 
parts of twigs ...... Lepidoptera, Olethreutinae, Sesiidae, Cossidae 
Larvae with underdeveloped prolegs; in woody portions of twigs ..... 
> Elongate; iat larvae; mines filled’s.-. ts. .0... Coleoptera, Buprestidae 
Cylindrical larvae; mines open ........... Coleoptera, Cerambycidae 
. Obvious scar and pitching of wood at base of injury or along twigs; 
conifers 
Scale ‘bodies present on twig. ..-: 0.02. Homoptera, Margarodidae 
Scalesbodiessabsemt.> 8 xe Coleoptera, Cerambycidae 
Numerous phloem scars on twigs; spittle masses may be present .. . 
Homoptera, Cercopidae 
(Hail injury is similar except that the scars are always on top side of 
branch) 
Twigs slit with a lacerated wound at base of injury or at point of 
LON TSU Ge ase ee ee ee Homoptera, Cicadidae, Membracidae 
Orthoptera, Gryllidae 
D. Borers in Wood and Bark 
14. Borers in the phloem and outer corky bark of living trees rarely scarring 
(LOVE -SVOCONGYG Se Un VE eR Be 8 RRS Se pa SR one ae ea 
10 
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