23% 
24. 
25: 
26. 
Dil 
28. 
29: 
30. 
Sl 
SY 
E. Galls? 
Galls of more or less open, exposed, simple structure, or, when enclosed, 
the insects maintain permanent openings, or the galls are dehiscent to 
permit the escape of the numerous insects inhabiting them ........ 
Galls usually completely enclosing the inhabitant; one or, rarely, several 
insects to a cavity; occasionally a permanent opening is maintained by 
thre wice din Pel anvae quer cml taht eats Bou hard ak hms Lea aces ee 
Mites present having two pairs of legs; galls of various shapes but always 
provided with an opening to the exterior and lined on the inside with 
NAIEWSOI IZZY CLOWNS oreo. e sevice tele tie a e\ et Acari, Eriophyidae 
AMIS POMC TINAS Cee tay erasers eth BRS Aaot dere EO oY teciy mad aban Guat sed! SSB ge. Mate 
INSECISNOtsILCE. TOR UIMPING a4h- 2 deems s dese, noe es beens tea Rade dws 
Insects with hindlegs developed for jumping ... Homoptera, Psyllidae 
Leaf galls on hardwoods, chiefly elm, poplar, hickory, ash, sumac, and 
NVC MEM AAGM Ae clgitr tal, wd 68 ui terse Se made Homoptera, Aphididae 
Conelike galls on tips of spruce twigs ..... Homoptera, Phylloxeridae 
Pitlike galls on twigs of hard pines ....... Homoptera, Margarodidae 
Pitlike galls on twigs of white oak ..... Homoptera, Asterolecaniidae 
Galls inhabited by larvae with well-developed head capsules ........ 
Larvae without well-developed head capsules, maggotlike; white to yel- 
lowish or reddish in color: 
Larvae with a distinct structure like a “‘breastbone” near anterior end 
Re Etta rane ta FF AS es sseiatens & 2 Diptera, Cecidomyiidae 
Larvae without ““breastbone’’; mouth parts well developed .... Diptera, 
Agromyzidae 
lcanvac leelessaor -with-only minute Tees sa. te ieee Goo hae 2 ams 
Bessswelledevcloped also; prolegs. present 7...2. 6) 5200s Sasol wa 
Woody galls containing plain evidences of mining activity of the larvae; 
larvae with well-developed head capsules and mandibles . Coleoptera, 
Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Curculionidae 
Larval mines not obvious; white larvae, curved or grublike in form, 
legless, and with distinct head capsule, each contained in a specialized 
CONE ee reenact Be Hymenoptera, Cynipidae, Chalcididae 
Onew illo gee ie Arce rs pr” ets ed Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae 
Onvlocust=poplar maples 23. ur. S ae sae. Lepidoptera, Tortricidae 
F. Sucking Insects 
InjuRVZOT ANSects presemt ON -TCAVES 2.6 ee gabe we cy Se 
Injug¢spmimanilyacontined tO LW1SS Rae vo. at Pete ec ja ee ee eas 
Injury primarily confined to branches and main stem .............. 
Leaves off-color, yellowish or spotted from feeding punctures of active, 
jumping insects .... Homoptera, Cicadellidae Hemiptera, Tingidae 
Leaves bearing galls or abnormal spots: 
(OTe NTS! XO Si AVE Sat on een an ara a ee Homoptera, Psyllidae 
24 
oa 
25 
26 
28 
pay) 
30 
32 
33 
34 
* It seems impossible to devise a key that will separate all the varied types of galls into family or order 
groups. However, many groups are fairly true to type and, if considered with the larvae or other stages of the 
insect inhabiting them, you can make a fairly workable distinction. 
39 
