abrading scales and bracts. Heavy infestations result in obvious resinosus and death 
of flowers or conelets. Less intensive attacks kill scattered cone scales and result in 
gnarled, distorted cones in which seed loss is both direct from lost cone scales and 
indirect from poor seed release from the deformed cones. The flower thrips, 
Frankliniella tritici (Fitch), feeds on the flowers and flower buds of hawthorn, 
which sometimes prevents the buds from opening. 
Order Neuroptera—Dobsonflies, Lacewings, 
Antlions, and Allies 
This order contains a wide variety of terrestrial and aquatic insects. The adults 
have two pairs of large, membranous, leaflike wings that they hold rooflike over the 
abdomen while at rest. The antennae are generally long and many-segmented; the 
tarsi are five-segmented and there are no cerci. The larvae are practically all 
campodeiform and are usually armed with very large, curved mandibles. 
Family Corydalidae 
Dobsonflies 
The best known species of this family is the dobsonfly, Corydalus cornutus (L.). 
The adult, especially the male, occasionally reaches a length of 100 mm, has two 
long curving pincers or mandibles, and has a wingspread of 100 to 125 mm. 
Females are similar in appearance except that the mandibles are smaller. The full- 
grown larva, commonly known as hellgrammite, is also large and formidable in 
appearance. Hellgrammites are found under stones in stream beds, especially 
where the water runs swiftest. After about 22 years, they leave the water and 
construct cells in which to pupate under stones, logs, or other objects on or near the 
bank of the stream, usually during early summer. The hellgrammites are highly 
prized as fish bait; otherwise, members of the family are of little or no economic 
importance. 
Family Chrysopidae 
Green Lacewings 
In both the adult and larval stages, members of the family Chrysopidae are all 
predacious on soft-bodied insects. They occur commonly in late summer and fall on 
the foliage of plants infested with these insects. Aphids and mealybugs appear to be 
preferred as hosts, but leafhoppers, thrips, mites, and certain species of scale 
insects are also attacked. The adults are green or yellowish green and have delicate, 
lacelike wings. Egg are usually laid at the ends of 3- to 4-mm-long gelatinous stalks 
firmly attached to the surfaces of leaves. The larvae are elongate, yellow or gray 
mottled with brown, and taper toward each end. Some species have the odd habit of 
covering their bodies with packets of trash woven together loosely with strands of 
silk. The winter is spent usually as full-grown larvae in silken cocoons in bark 
crevices or in such protected places as piles of leaves on the ground. There are one 
to several generations per year, depending on climate (////). The goldeneye 
lacewing, Chrysopa oculata Say, is an important predator of spruce gall adelgids in 
the Lake States. 
Family Hemerobiidae 
Brown Lacewings 
Brown lacewing adults have brown or dark-colored bodies often marked with 
yellow; occasionally the abdomen is pale yellow. Otherwise, they resemble adult 
green lacewings very closely. All species are predacious on other insects, prin- 
cipally aphids, but also adelgids, mealybugs, whiteflies, mites, and occasionally 
diaspine scales. The larvae are similar in general appearance to the larvae of green 
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