Several other species of walkingsticks also occur in the Eastern United States. 
The twostriped walkingstick, Anisomorpha buprestoides (Stoll), is found in the 
Deep South, typically in oak stands growing on excessively drained, sandy soil in 
Florida. Eggs are laid in groups of 8 to 10, each in a small pit dug in the soil. A. 
ferruginea (Palisot de Beauvois) feeds on various trees and shrubs from south- 
eastern Nebraska and Arkansas through the high country to Georgia and the 
Carolinas. Diapheromera velii Walsh and D. blatchleyi (Caudell) feed on grasses 
and tall shrubs. D. velii occurs in the Great Plains; D. blatchleyi, from the Great 
Plains to the Atlantic Coast. Megaphasma denticrus (Stal), the giant walkingstick, 
sometimes attains a length of 150 mm. Its habits are similar to those of D. femorata, 
but it 1s apparently never abundant enough to be injurious. 
Family Acrididae 
Grasshoppers 
This family contains most of the well-known grasshoppers, some of which are 
frequently destructive to agricultural crops. Ordinarily, they are not very injurious 
to trees, but they may seriously damage them during outbreaks. Young trees in 
nurseries, shelterbelts, and plantations are particularly vulnerable, especially in the 
Great Plains, in the upper Mississippi Valley, and in the Lake States. The adults are 
distinguished by their short filiform antennae of 25 segments, short and in- 
conspicuous Ovipositors, auditory organs on the sides of the first abdominal seg- 
ment, greatly enlarged hindlegs, narrow forewings, and broad, membranous, fan- 
like hindwings. 
The majority of grasshoppers breed and live in the same general area throughout 
the year. Certain others may build up in such vast numbers that they are forced to 
leave their breeding grounds. At such times, they may travel considerable dis- 
tances. All species have much the same life history. Nearly all lay their eggs in pods 
at depths of 25 to 75 mm in the soil in late summer or fall, usually in grain stubble, 
meadows, and along ditchbanks, fence rows, and roadsides. Hatching occurs in the 
South as early as February; in the Northern States, it usually occurs in May or June. 
Maturity is reached in 40 to 70 days, after which some adults live and feed until the 
onset of cold weather. The majority of species spend the winter in the egg stage, but 
a few overwinter as nymphs or adults, especially in the South. 
The following are a few of the species that may be injurious in nurseries, 
plantations, and shelterbelts during epidemics. The migratory grasshopper, 
Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.)—the adult 1s about 20 mm long and reddish brown 
with a distinct patch of black on the neck or collar. The differential grasshopper, 
M. differentialis (Thomas )—the adult is 37 mm long. It is yellow with contrasting 
black markings; has clear, glossy hindwings; and usually bears yellow and black 
chevron-shaped bars on the sides of the thighs of the hindlegs. The twostriped 
grasshopper, M. bivittatus (Say)—the adult is about 30 mm long. It is slightly 
more robust than the differential grasshopper and is greenish yellow beneath, with 
two yellow stripes running the full length of the dorsum. The redlegged grasshop- 
per, M. femurrubrum (De Geer)—the adult is about 18 mm long. It is reddish 
brown above, yellowish beneath, has colorless hindwings, and has red-tinged 
hindlegs. The clearwinged grasshopper, Camnula pellucida (Scudder)—the adult 
is about 12 mm long and yellow to brown. The forewings are blotched with large 
brown spots, and the hindwings are clear. 
A few species of grasshoppers are more closely associated with trees than others. 
One, Dendrotettix quercus Packard, the postoak locust, is widely distributed from 
east-central Texas to the Lake States, Long Island, and southeastern Canada. Oaks 
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