are its preferred hosts, but it has also been observed on pines in the Lake States. 
Several outbreaks have been recorded, some of which covered several square 
kilometers. During intervals between outbreaks, it is very scarce. Adults are present 
from June to September and lay their eggs in the soil in late summer. The nymphs 
climb the trees to feed. Other tree-infesting species are: D. australis (Morse)— 
apparently feeds exclusively on Virginia pine in the Southeastern States: 
Melanoplus punctulatus (Scudder)—has been observed defoliating young eastern 
white pines in plantations in Connecticut: M. bruneri (Scudder)—inhabits co- 
niferous forests; and the eastern lubber grasshopper, Romalea microptera (Palisot 
de Beauvois)—feeds on shrubs in Fiorida and Alabama. 
Family Tettigoniidae 
Longhorn Grasshoppers and Katydids 
Longhorn grasshoppers and katydids are mostly large with hairlike antennae, 
four-segmented tarsi, laterally flattened bladelike ovipositors, and auditory organs 
sometimes at the base of the front tibiae. The males “sing” by rubbing a sharp edge 
at the base of one front wing along a filelike ridge on the ventral side of the other 
front wing. The songs of different species differ in the character of the pulses, the 
pulse rate, and in the way the pulses are grouped. 
Tree-inhabiting katydids are usually long-winged and green, matching the color 
of the foliage on which they feed. Eggs are laid end to end in overlapping rows on 
leaves or twigs, or are inserted into the edges of leaves. The winter is usually spent 
in the egg stage and hatching occurs in the spring. Some of the more common 
species, none of which is very injurious, are discussed below. 
The forktailed bush Katydid, Scudderia furcata Brunner von Wattenwyl, so- 
called because of the forked appendages at the top of the abdomen of the male, is 
widely distributed. It occurs on but is not restricted to trees. The related species, S. 
curvicauda (De Geer), lives commonly on oak. 
The broadwinged katydid, Microcentrum rhombifolium (Saussure), is widely 
distributed in the East. Adults are 50 to 60 mm long and leaf green. The angular- 
winged Katydid, M. retinerve (Burmeister), a smaller species, is more southerly in 
its distribution. Both species have long, narrow wings, and the vertex is narrowed 
anteriorly. 
Pterophylla camellifolia (F.) is the katydid so commonly heard on summer 
evenings. The adult is large, green, and robust. The front wings are dark green, 
leaflike, very broad, concave within, and wholly enclose the abdomen. Infestations 
occur as small colonies in the dense foliage of trees. Eggs are laid in crevices of 
loose bark or within the soft stems of woody plants. 
Other long-winged species include: Hubbellia marginifera (Walker), a large 
species with green front wings, sometimes spotted with brown, which occurs on 
pines in the Southeastern States, and Conocephalus brevipennis (Scudder), the 
shortwinged meadow katydid, which lays its eggs in willow in Canada. 
Some members of the family have functional wings and live only on the ground. 
The most familiar species is the Mormon cricket, Anabrus simplex Haldeman. 
Although primarily western in distribution, it occasionally occurs in destructive 
numbers as far eastward as the Dakotas and Kansas. It feeds mostly on various trees 
and shrubs. 
Family Gryllidae 
Crickets 
Crickets are medium-size insects, usually with long filiform antennae, three- 
segmented tarsi, spear-shaped ovipositors, and hindlegs fitted for jumping. The 
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