bark, by sawing infested trees into short lengths and burning them, and by peeling 
the bark of infested trees and exposing the brood to desiccation and to natural 
enemies such as ants, birds, and small mammals. Felling infested trees in a north- 
south direction in the open and periodically rotating them kills the beetles by solar 
heat. 
Ambrosia beetle damage to summer-cut logs can be reduced or prevented by 
quickly removing the logs from the woods, by quickly manufacturing them or 
storing them in ponds, by quickly drying the lumber cut from them, and by 
removing the bark from rough-hewn pieces. 
Ips bark beetle populations that sometimes develop in slash following cutting 
operations can be reduced by limiting small-scale cuttings to the fall and winter 
months, or by continuing large-scale cuttings throughout the summer months. In 
situations where it is necessary to cut on a small scale or discontinuously during the 
summer, control may be obtained by piling and burning the slash before the beetles 
complete their development in it. Gathering and burning severed branches late in 
the fall, winter, or early spring when the eggs and grubs are in the twigs is an 
effective method of controlling twig-girdling species. 
Wood-borer damage to field-piled pulpwood in the Lake States has been reduced 
by piling the wood in the shade or by placing it in standard compact piles. Lyctus 
powderpost beetle damage can be reduced by storing susceptible sapwood in water 
for a lengthy period or by steaming it at high temperatures. Bark beetle damage to 
bark-covered poles and slabs used in rustic construction can be reduced or pre- 
vented by cutting the material during the fall and winter and then seasoning it off 
the ground and under cover. Damage to young pines by the European pine shoot 
moth in the North can be reduced by removing the lower limbs, so that the 
overwintering stage of the shoot moth will occur on branches above the snow line 
where they will be killed by lethal low temperatures during the winter (/337). 
Regulatory Control 
Regulatory control is aimed at the prevention of entry and establishment of 
foreign plant and animal pests, or at the suppression, containment, or eradication of 
such pests as may have become established in limited areas. This form of control 
became possible with the passage of the Federal Insect Pest Act in 1905, which 
enabled the Federal Government to regulate the importation and interstate move- 
ment of articles that might spread insect pests. It was reinforced in 1912 by passage 
of the Plant Quarantine Act, which authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to 
enforce necessary regulations to protect the agricultural ecomomy of the United 
States by preventing the introduction of insects and plant diseases. Later the 
McNary-McSweeney Act of 1928 established a Federal policy on the use of 
legislative means for combating forest insects and diseases. In 1947, passage of the 
Forest Pest Control Act provided authority for the United States Government to act 
alone or in cooperation with States, territories, or private timber owners to control 
destructive forest insects or diseases. 
Before the passage and enforcement of quarantine laws, many species of insects 
associated with forest, shade, and ornamental trees, several of which are highly 
destructive, gained entry into the Eastern United States. Since then the rate of entry 
of additional species has been drastically reduced. The following is a list of species 
known to have been introduced into this area: 
10 
