on a cone scale. Nymphs of all stages are gregarious. There is only one generation 
each year. Nymphs and adults have piercing-sucking mouth parts that they insert 
into cones to penetrate the seeds. Nymphs in the third stage and older, as well as 
adults, destroy seeds in developing cones. Most of the seed damage occurs in late 
summer and fall and can be detected on radiographs (287). In seed orchards, losses 
are reflected by poor seed viability and low yields of sound seeds per cone. 
Other plant-feeding species and their hosts include: Brochymena quadripustulata 
(F.), the fourhumped stink bug—feeds through the bark of limbs and trunks of 
elm, oak, and willow. Brownish, hairlike lines running across the grain in the 
cambial region are evidence of its attack. Adults frequently overwinter in houses. B. 
carolinensis (F.)—feeds through the bark of slash pine and longleaf pine. Elas- 
muche lateralis (Say)—feeds on the leaves and catkins of yellow birch. Pitedia 
uhleri (Stal) —feeds on the larger branches and trunks of eastern white pine in the 
Lake States. 
Predacious species include the spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Say), 
which has been recorded feeding on more than 30 species of destructive insects, 
many of which are forest pests. The adult is dull yellow above, with numerous dark- 
brown punctures, and is about 12 mm long. Also, Stiretus anchorago (F.) feeds on 
the larvae of many species, including the gypsy moth and tent caterpillars. Adults 
are shiny, dark metallic, and 8 to 11 mm long. 
Family Tingidae 
Lace Bugs 
Lace bugs, so-called because of their broad, lacelike forewings, are usually 
whitish and 5 to 6 mm long. They are flat, oval or rectangular, and the head ts often 
hidden beneath a large hood on the front of a greatly modified pronotum, which 
projects beyond the sides of the body. The abdomen is completely beneath the 
forewings, which are frequently transparent. The nymphs are black and often 
covered with long spines. 
Many species of lace bugs live and feed on the undersurfaces of leaves. A given 
species usually occurs either on a single host or on closely related ones. The upper 
surfaces of infested leaves become whitened or brownish, or dead in appearance. 
The undersurfaces are speckled with eggs, excrement, and cast skins of the 
developing nymphs. The leaves of heavily infested trees may turn entirely brown 
and fall off. The winter is spent as adults under bark scales or other cover on the 
host tree, or as eggs cemented to the undersurfaces of leaves or embedded in leat 
tissues. Most species have two generations a year. 
The sycamore lace bug. Corythucha ciliata (Say), occurs throughout the East- 
ern United States (7235) and in southern Canada. Its preferred host is sycamore, 
but it also feeds occasionally on ash, hickory, and mulberry. The adult (fig. 18) is 
white and about 3 mm long. Overwintering adults emerge early in the spring and 
deposit their eggs along the ventral surface of the midrib of a leaf. Hatching occurs 
in 2 to 3 weeks, and the nymphs feed for 5 or 6 weeks. There are two generations 
per year in the North, probably more in the South. Light feeding causes a stippling 
on foliage. Heavily infested leaves of sycamore turn white and drop prematurely. 
During dry weather this may result in severe injury. 
The oak lace bug, C. arcuata (Say), feeds on white, bur, and chestnut oaks from 
Alabama and the Carolinas to southern Canada. Its life history and control have 
been described (233). The winter is spent in either the egg or adult stage. Infested 
leaves appear grayish white. Heavily infested trees may be defoliated, especially 
during dry weather. Bur oak in shelterbelt plantings is especially susceptible. 
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