waxy material. The first winter is spent in the nymphal stage. Feeding is resumed in 
the spring and adults begin to emerge in early May. Infested leaves curl and form 
cups in which nymphs are concealed. Feeding also results in reduced growth of 
young twigs. Eggs are laid under bud scales during July and August. Control 
recommendations are available (/269). Other species of Psylla and their hosts 
include: P. annulata Fitch—paper birch and maple; P. carpinicola Crawtord— 
birch; P. floccosa Patch and P. galeaformis Patch—alder; and P. trimaculata 
Crawtord—cherry. 
Trioza tripunctata (Fitch) has been observed feeding on the needles of pines in 
ornamental plantings in Connecticut. Damage consists of yellowish or reddish spots 
that frequently coalesce, causing the needles to die and drop prematurely. The 
persimmon psylla, 7. diospyri (Ashmead), and 7. magnoliae (Ashmead) feed on 
persimmon and magnolia, respectively, in Florida. 
More than 150 species of hymenopterous and dipterous parasites attack psyllids 
in the United States (639). 
Family Aphididae 
Aphids, Plantlice 
The aphids or plantlice constitute a very large group of small, soft-bodied insects 
that feed by sucking the sap from the leaves, stems, and roots of plants and trees. 
They are pear-shaped or globular, have fairly long antennae, and usually a pair of 
tubelike cornicles rise from the top of the fifth or sixth abdominal segment. Winged 
males are common. The wings are very delicate and membranous, with only a few 
simple veins, and they are usually held vertically above the body while at rest. Egg- 
laying females of many species are also winged. 
Ordinarily, most of the aphids feed while exposed on their hosts. Others feed in 
Sheltered locations such as inside leaves, which they cause to curl or to become 
distorted, or inside galls. Trees of all kinds, sizes, and ages are attacked, but they 
normally are not seriously injured. Serious damage sometimes results, however, 
~ especially to shade and ornamental trees and young trees in plantations. Honeydew 
dropping from heavily infested shade and ornamental trees is often a nuisance 
because it forms a sticky coating on everything below, especially sidewalks, parked 
automobiles, and park benches. Additional damage may result from the growth of a 
sooty mold in the honeydew. It not only detracts from the esthetic value of shade 
trees and ornamentals, but also interferes with the food-manufacturing process of 
their leaves. However, honeydew is also useful as food for many species of 
beneficial insects. Numerous publications have been issued on the identity, dis- 
tribution, and hosts of aphids (603, 955, 962, 963, 964, 965, 978). Nomenclature 
cited in this section 1s based upon that set forth in “Survey of the World’s Aphids” 
(B53): 
The giant bark aphid, Longistigma caryae (Harris), one of the largest of all 
North American aphids, occurs throughout much of the Eastern United States and 
feeds on a variety of deciduous trees such as elm, pecan, sycamore, oak, maple, 
basswood, birch, beech, walnut, and willow. Adults are about 6 mm long, and are 
covered with a bluish-white bloom. Males are winged; egg-laying females are 
wingless. Eggs are laid on twigs, a single female laying many. The aphids usually 
occur in clusters on the undersides of twigs and small limbs. Depending on locality, 
there may be several generations per year. Heavily infested twigs may be seriously 
injured or killed. 
The genus Cinara contains a number of conifer-infesting species that feed on the 
bark; only a few of these are mentioned here. 
1) 
