summer the second generation females mature, move to the bark of the host. and 
lay eggs. The eggs hatch and the first instars remain in the ovisac for the winter. 
Occasionally. second and third instars may overwinter. Males are known. Many 
natural enemies of this mealybug are reported, including chalcidoid wasps, several 
lacewings, and five lady beetles. Chemical control apparently is difficult. 
Many other mealybug species may be encountered in eastern forests. Because of 
this diversity. it is impossible to give detailed information about all species that 
might be found. However, additional species include Dysmicoccus morrisoni (Hol- 
linger) on pecan and hickory in Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Mis- 
souri. New Jersey. and New York: D. obesus (Lobdell) on pine in Mississippi: D. 
difficilis (Lobdell) on blackgum, ash, and willow in Louisiana, Maryland. Mis- 
sissippi, South Carolina, and Virginia: Oracella acuta (Lobdell) on pine, particu- 
larly loblolly. in Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Car- 
olina, South Carolina, Texas, and Virginia: and Peliococcus serratus (Ferris) on 
beech in Connecticut, District of Columbia, Massachusetts, Maryland, New Jersey. 
New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. 
Family Coccidae 
Soft Scales 
Soft scales are common pests of ornamentals throughout most of the world, 
although they generally are more abundant in tropical and subtropical areas. These 
scales are generally without an obvious waxy covering, although members of a few 
genera form conspicuous ovisacs or are covered with an ornate, amorphous wax. 
There are three or four instars in females and five in males. The family contains 90 
species in 22 genera in the United States. Comprehensive studies of this family in 
the United States have been published (7/54, 13/0). 
Ceroplastes ceriferus (F.), the Indian or Japanese wax scale, was apparently 
introduced from the Orient. In the United States it occurs in 16 States from New 
York to Florida and west to Texas, although it probably does not survive out of 
doors north of Delaware. The host range is extensive, including such plants as 
Japanese and Chinese hollies, euonymus, camellia, and eastern hemlock. The 
Indian wax scale is normally found in ornamental plantings. Adult females are 
covered by a white amorphous wax that is hemispherical in shape and has an 
anteriorly projecting horn. The body of the adult female is pinkish purple to dark 
reddish-brown. 
The Indian wax scale has one generation per year in Virginia and Maryland 
(1105): it is possible that more than one generation occurs in southern areas. In 
Maryland the species overwinters as adult females. In !ate spring the adults begin to 
lay eggs that hatch in about 3 weeks: a single female may lay more than | .000 eggs. 
First instars settle on the stems of the host and develop into adult females by late 
summer. Males are uncommon. This wax scale does not usually kill its host but 
frequently gives the heavily infested plant a scraggly appearance and covers the 
host with honeydew, which eventually is contaminated with black sooty mold 
(486). Natural enemies include several species of chalcids and a pyralid moth. 
Other less common species of Ceroplastes that might be encountered in the East 
are the barnacle scale. C. cirripediformis Comstock, which occurs on citrus trees 
and gardenia, and the Florida wax scale. C. floridensis Comstock, which is found 
on pine, hemlock, and maple. Both species occur in the warm Southern States on 
many native and ornamental trees. . 
The calico scale, Eulecanium (= Lecanium) cerasorum (Cockerell), is probably 
native to the Orient. In the Eastern United States it occurs in Delaware, District of 
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