The spruce bud scale has one generation per year and overwinters as immatures. 
Adult females appear in spring, and eggs are retained in the adult female’s body 
cavity. First instars appear in late spring and settle on the new growth of the host. 
Severe damage may involve the death of lower branches of the host. Chalcidoid 
wasps are often found associated with this scale. 
The tuliptree scale, Zoumeyella liriodendri (Gmelin), 1s apparently native to 
North America. In the Eastern United States, it occurs from New York to Florida 
and west to the Mississippi River. This soft scale prefers yellow-poplar and magno- 
lias, although it is reported on several diverse hosts, including walnut and 
basswood. The tuliptree scale is found in native habitats and ornamental plantings. 
Adult females are large, convex, and are usually orange with black mottling near 
the body margin. Heavy infestations are common (fig. 33). 
F-532855 
Figure 33.—The tuliptree scale, Toumeyella liriodendri, 
on yellow-poplar. 
The tuliptree scale has one generation per year except in southern parts of its 
range, where nonsynchronous populations suggest that there might be at least two 
generations. The species overwinters as second instars on the twigs of the host. In 
early spring the second instars resume feeding. Males appear in early summer and 
mating takes place. By late summer the greatly enlarged ovoviviparous adult 
females produce as many as 3,000 first instars. These immatures settle on the 
stems, feed, and molt to second instars late in the fall. Four kinds of tuliptree scale 
damage are reported on yellow-poplar (/76), ranging from greatly weakened trees 
with sparse foliage and many dead branches to trees with distorted trunks because 
of the death of a previous leader. Seedlings are frequently killed, greatly hindering 
future development of economically valuable stands of yellow-poplar. Natural 
enemies include five species of chalcidoid wasps, a flower fly, a pyralid moth, two 
lady beetles, and a fungus. 
The pine tortoise scale, 7. parvicornis (Cockerell), is native in North America. 
It is found in nearly every Eastern State and occurs as far west as the Dakotas. This 
soft scale seems to prefer Scotch, jack, and Virginia pines, but is also found on 
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