Austrian, Swiss mountain, red, loblolly, shortleaf, white, and Chinese pines. The 
pine tortoise scale is common in natural habitats and ornamental plantings. Adult 
females are convex and are dark brown or black with reddish-brown or cream- 
colored mottling. It is possible that specimens identified as 7. parvicornis may 
represent more than one species. Specimens collected from needles in the Southeast 
may be distinct, but host transfers would be required to establish this fact. 
The pine tortoise scale has one generation per year in the Northern States (763), 
two generations per year in Maryland (789), and may have more in the Southern 
States. In the North, the species apparently overwinters as mated females on the 
stems of the host. By late spring, the adult females have greatly enlarged. In early 
summer, each female lays about 500 eggs, which hatch soon after being deposited. 
First instars develop into adults and mate in mid to late summer. Damage caused by 
the pine tortoise scale can be quite severe, particularly in the Northern States. 
Injury most frequently is incurred by seedlings and saplings, but heavy infestations 
may also damage mature trees. Infested trees may have chlorotic needles or many 
dead branches. In some cases, entire trees may be killed. Normally, this soft scale is 
held in check by its natural enemies, which include three chalcidoid wasps, nine 
lady beetles, and a pyralid moth. 
Other Joumeyella species that may be found in eastern forests are 7. pini (King), 
the striped pine scale, from Connecticut to Florida and west to Michigan on 
shortleaf, Swiss mountain, red, pitch, Scotch, Virginia, and lodgepole pines, and T. 
virginiana Williams & Kosztarab, the Virginia pine scale, from Florida, Georgia, 
Maryland, and Virginia on longleaf, loblolly, and Virginia pines. The striped pine 
scale is reddish brown with a central white stripe on the dorsum. The Virginia pine 
scale is uniform salmon pink to reddish brown and is frequently found beneath the 
bark. 
Family Kermesidae 
Gall-Like Scales 
This family is unquestionably the least studied of the scale insects in the United 
States. Most taxonomic descriptions are based on color patterns of the gall-like 
adult females. These patterns have proved to be relatively unreliable. Two studies 
that clarify this problem have been completed (34, /7/). Kermesids are Holarctic in 
distribution and are almost entirely restricted to oaks (fig. 34). There are approx- 
imately 30 species in 2 genera in the United States. Of these species, perhaps only 
three occur in the East; biological information is available for only two. 
F-519574 
Figure 34.—Female scales of Kermes sp. on white 
oak twigs and leaves. 
100 
