The hemlock scale in Maryland has two generations per year and overwinters as 
second instars (//72). Adults of the winter generation first appear in the middle of 
March, and eggs and first instars of the summer generation are present in June and 
early July. This generation develops rapidly, and by early to mid-July adults are 
present. Eggs and first instars of the winter generation are present from August to 
early October, and overwintering second instars are first observed in early Sep- 
tember. Adult males are winged. Feeding by this scale produces yellow spots on the 
leaves; in heavy infestations, leaves will fall from the tree. An unidentified 
hymenopterous parasite has been reported (//72). 
Acutaspis morrisonorum Kosztarab, the round conifer scale, is native to North 
America and is known from Massachusetts to Florida and west to Michigan. It is 
found on many conifers including hemlock, spruce, fir, and juniper and infests 
natural and ornamental vegetation. The scale cover of the adult female is oval, flat, 
yellow-brown with a light margin; the shed skins are central. The body of the adult 
female is orange-yellow. 
The round conifer scale is reported overwintering as second instars in Ohio 
(689). It apparently does not damage its hosts significantly. Another species of 
Acutaspis that might be encountered in eastern forests 1s A. perseae (Comstock), 
the redbay scale. This species is most numerous in Southern States where it may 
become abundant enough to cause early leaf drop on several ornamentals. The adult 
female of the redbay scale has a reddish-brown cover that is flat and circular. 
Common hosts are persea and magnolia, but the species is polyphagous. 
The oleander scale, Aspidiotus nerii Bouché, is probably introduced into North 
America. In the Eastern States, the species is found out of doors in southern areas 
and indoors elsewhere. The oleander scale is polyphagous, occurring on numerous 
shade trees and woody ornamental shrubs, and can be collected in natural and 
ornamental habitats. The cover of the adult female is flat or convex, is transparent 
white to opaque tan, and has a central, reddish-brown shed skin. The body is 
orange-yellow. Infestations normally occur on the leaves of the host but may be on 
the stems, bark, or fruit also. The status of this species is confused; the presence of 
biparental and uniparental “forms,” and differences in biology, have led to the 
suggestion that there are two sibling species (285, 473). 
The oleander scale reproduces almost continuously, and distinct generations are 
therefore difficult to discern. Most workers state that the species has three or four 
generations per year. Eggs may hatch soon after they are laid, or nymphs may be 
deposited directly. Males may be present or absent. This species is sometimes a 
serious pest of such diverse hosts as olive, magnolia, and oleander. The oleander 
scale has a diverse array of natural enemies, including more than nine chalcidoid 
wasps, three lady beetles, and several fungi. 
Aspidiotus cryptomeriae Kuwana, the cryptomeria scale, is from Japan; it is 
found in Connecticut, Indiana, Maryland, New York, and Pennsylvania in the 
United States. This armored scale occurs on an array of coniferous hosts including 
balsam fir, spruces, Douglas-fir, eastern hemiock, cryptomeria, white-cedar, 
Cypress, yew, and pines and is found in natural and ornamental plantings. The cover 
of the adult female is circular or oval and is flat, grayish brown, with yellow, central 
shed skins. This species occurs on the leaves of its host. 
The cryptomeria scale has two generations per year and, in Maryland, it over- 
winters as second instars (//72). Adults of the overwintering population appear in 
March and April, and eggs are laid in June. Adults of the summer generation are 
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