first present in mid-July, and eggs are laid in late August and September. Overwin- 
tering second instars appear in late September. Males are winged. This armored 
scale damages the leaves of cryptomeria and other conifers in Japan (898). Natural 
enemies in Japan include two species of chalcidoid wasps and two lady beetles. 
The juniper scale, Carulaspis juniperi (Bouché), is very closely related to C. 
minima (Targioni-Tozzetti), the minute cypress scale, and can be separated on the 
basis of microscopic characters only. The major difference is that the juniper scale 
has a macroduct between the median lobes and the minute cypress scale lacks this 
duct. These species are apparently introduced into North America and occur 
throughout most of the United States. They occur on a wide variety of coniferous 
hosts including cryptomeria, cypress, incense-cedar, juniper, sequoia, and northern 
white-cedar; juniper appears to be the most common host. Infestations are found in 
natural and ornamental habitats. The scale cover of the adult female is circular, 
convex, white, and has yellow, central shed skins. The body of the adult female and 
the eggs are yellow. The scale cover of the male is white with three faint longitudi- 
nal ridges and a yellow, terminal shed skin. The species occurs on the foliage of the 
host. 
The juniper scale and the minute cypress scale apparently have only one genera- 
tion per year in northern areas (//62). Because first instars appear in warm southern 
and western areas several months in advance of cooler northern areas, and because 
only one generation occurs per year in northern Europe whereas two occur in 
southern Europe, it is probable that there are two generations per year in warm areas 
of the United States. However, only the minute cypress scale is known to have two 
generations (33). Both species overwinter as gravid females and begin laying eggs 
in early spring in warm areas and late spring in northern regions. Crawlers are 
present in spring and early summer. Adult males are common. Heavily infested 
plants fail to produce new growth, have dead areas, and eventually die. Natural 
enemies include many chalcidoid wasps, several lady beetles, a nitidulid, and a 
coniopterygid. 
The elm scurfy scale, Chionaspis americana Johnson, is probably native to 
North America and is known from almost every Eastern State. This armored scale 
prefers elm, but is also found on privet, Prunus spp., hackberry, sycamore, and 
basswood. Infestations occur in ornamental and natural vegetation. The scale cover 
of the adult female is oystershell-shaped, flat, white or dirty white, and has yellow 
or brown terminal shed skins. The body of the adult female without eggs is orange; 
with eggs it is red or purple; the eggs are red or reddish orange. The scale cover of 
the adult male is elongate, white, has three longitudinal ridges and a beige terminal 
shed skin. The adult male is red and may have long wings or short wing stubs. 
The elm scurfy scale has two generations per year and overwinters on the bark as 
eggs (13/4). In Virginia, first instars appear in late April or early May and molt to 
second instars in late May or early June. Adults are present in June and July, and 
oviposition begins in July. First instars of the second generation are present in July, 
and adults appear in late August and early September. Overwintering eggs are laid 
in October and November. Females occur almost exclusively on the bark; males are 
predominantly on the undersides of leaves. Damage to elms may include the death 
of twigs, branches, or small trees. The feeding of second-instar males on leaves 
causes small chlorotic spots. Natural enemies associated with the elm scurfy scale 
include 11 chalcidoid wasps, a Leucopis fly, and a lady beetle. 
The dogwood scale, C. corni Cooley, is native to North America and is reported 
from Massachusetts south to Louisiana and west to Kansas in the Eastern United 
108 
