States. The scale cover of the adult female is white, elongate, expanded posteriorly, 
and has orange-yellow terminal shed skins. The scale cover of the adult male is 
white with three longitudinal ridges and a yellow, terminal shed skin. 
The dogwood scale overwinters as eggs on the bark of the host (605). Males have 
been reported. This species is occasionally destructive to ornamental dogwoods in 
the Midwest. Two chalcidoid wasps have been associated with this species. 
The scurfy scale, C. furfura (Fitch), is probably native to North America and 
occurs throughout most of the United States. It is a common pest of many rosaceous 
plants, particularly apples; important forest hosts include hawthorn, mountain-ash, 
and Prunus spp. The scurfy scale is found in natural and ornamental vegetation. 
The scale cover of the adult female is white, oystershell-shaped with an expanded 
posterior, and has yellowish-brown terminal shed skins. The body of the adult 
female before egg formation is yellowish brown, but it turns red with the internal 
development of the eggs, which are also red. The cover of the male is elongate, 
white, with three longitudinal ridges. The body of the male is red. Males apparently 
have well-developed wings. 
The scurfy scale has two generations per year; in Virginia it overwinters as eggs 
on the bark (57/). Overwintering eggs hatch in early spring, and first instars settle 
on the bark. Adults appear in early June, and eggs are laid in June and July. First 
instars of the second generation are found in mid-July, and adult development 
begins in mid-August. Overwintering eggs are laid in September and October. 
Males are apparently necessary for reproduction in at least some populations. 
Scurfy scale may be an important pest in apple and pear orchards but is not usually 
a pest in eastern forests. Natural enemies associated with this species include more 
than five chalcidoid wasps, a mite, and several lady beetles. 
The pine needle scale, C. pinifoliae (Fitch), is closely related to C. hetero- 
phyllae Cooley, the pine scale, and can be separated on the basis of microscopic 
characters only. The pine needle scale occurs throughout the United States, whereas 
the pine scale is restricted to the East, primarily the Southeastern and Gulf States. 
Hosts include nearly all needle-bearing conifers including spruce, fir, pine, 
hemlock, and Douglas-fir (fig. 36). This scale occurs in natural and ornamental 
vegetation. The scale cover of the adult female is oystershell-shaped, white, and 
has transparent or light-yellow terminal shed skins. The body of the adult female 
and the eggs are purplish red. The cover of the adult male is elongate, white, and 
has three longitudinal ridges and a transparent terminal shed skin. 
The pine needle scale has one or two generations per year. In the South to as far 
north as southern New York and Minnesota, it has two generations per year, 
whereas in northern areas, including Canada and in the Western States, there is only 
a single generation. Overwintering normally occurs as eggs, but it has been found 
that populations on Jeffrey pine from South Lake Tahoe, California, overwinter as 
gravid adult females, whereas those on lodgepole pine in the same area overwinter 
as eggs (754). In Oregon it was found that adult females laid eggs throughout the 
winter into spring (//6/). In the Eastern States only biparental populations have 
been reported, but in California and Oregon biparental and uniparental populations 
are known. In central New York, the following life cycle is reported (930). 
Overwintering eggs hatch in early May, second instars appear in late May, and 
adults are present in mid-June. Egg laying begins in early July, with first instars 
present from mid-July to early September. Adults appear in mid-August, and 
Oviposition begins in early September. The pine needle scale can build to such large 
populations that the foliage of infested trees may have a gray appearance. Heavy 
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