not produced by females on the bark. Adult males are predominantly wingless. 
Damage caused by this species 1s normally undetected; leaf areas around feeding 
sites are chlorotic. Natural enemies of this armored scale have not been reported. 
Chionaspis salicisnigrae (Walsh), the willow scurfy scale or black willow scale, 
is probably native to North America. In the United States it is known from 32 States 
including most of those in the East. Hosts include poplar and willow. The species is 
found in natural and ornamental vegetation. The scale cover of the adult female is 
white, oystershell-shaped, is broadest centrally, and has translucent or yellow 
terminal shed skins. The body of the adult female and the eggs are purplish red. The 
scale cover of the adult male is elongate, white, has three small longitudinal ridges, 
and a yellow or brown terminal shed skin. 
The willow scurfy scale has two generations per year in Colorado and overwin- 
ters as eggs on the bark of the host (7/2). Eggs hatch in early spring, and adults are 
first present in mid-June. First instars of the second generation appear in early to 
mid-July, and adults are first seen in late August. Overwintering eggs are laid in 
September and October. The willow scurfy scale can seriously injure willows under 
certain circumstances. Natural enemies include two species of chalcidoid wasps 
and a lady beetle. Other species of Chionaspis that might be encountered in eastern 
forests are: C. acericola Hollinger on maple from Maryland, Missouri, North 
Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas; C. caryae Cooley on hickory and walnut 
from 10 States including Connecticut to Florida and west to Missouri; C. kosztarabi 
Takagi on ash and American hornbeam from Georgia, Maryland, North Carolina, 
Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and New Jersey; C. /intneri Comstock on many hosts 
including viburnum, birch, walnut, alder, and serviceberry from 11 States from 
Maine to Florida and west to Indiana; C. parki Hollinger on sycamore from 
Indiana, Louisiana, Missouri, Ohio, Texas, and Virginia. 
The Florida red scale, Chrysomphalus aonidum (L.), is apparently introduced 
into North America. In the United States it occurs out of doors in warm southern 
areas and is acommon greenhouse pest in other areas. This species occurs primarily 
in ornamental plantings but is occasionally found in natural ones. The Florida red 
scale is truly polyphagous and is commonly found on holly, citrus, and palms. The 
scale cover of the adult female is circular, convex, dark reddish-brown, and has 
reddish central shed skins. The adult female and the eggs are yellow. The cover of 
the male is oval and smaller than the female’s and has a subcentral shed skin. 
The Florida red scale may have up to five or six generations per year (364), 
depending on the climate. Eggs are laid and first instars settle on leaves, fruit, or 
rarely on the green stems of the host. Males appear to be necessary for reproduc- 
tion. A single female may lay up to 334 eggs. The Florida red scale produces 
yellow areas on the leaves of the host. In heavy infestations entire leaves become 
chlorotic and drop from the tree. Natural enemies are numerous, including chal- 
cidoid wasps, mites, fungi, lady beetles, thrips, and green lacewings. Natural 
control is normally effective in Florida. 
Other species of Chrysomphalus that might be found in southeastern forests are 
C. bifasciculatus Ferris, the bifasciculate scale, and the dictyospermum scale, C. 
dictyospermi (Morgan). Both species are polyphagous. 
Clavaspis ulmi (Johnson), the elm armored scale, is probably native to North 
America and occurs in nine Eastern States from New Jersey to Florida and west to 
Ohio. The preferred host is elm, but it is also found on maple, buckeye, catalpa, 
and basswood. The adult female cover is circular, convex, yellowish white to gray, 
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