second are apterous. This commonly encountered species is not a pest. Natural 
enemies include a chalcidoid wasp and a symbiotic fungus (25/). 
Other species of Diaspidiotus that might be collected in eastern forests are D. 
mccombi McKenzie, the McComb scale, in 10 States from Pennsylvania to Florida 
and west to Louisiana on pine; and D. caryae Kosztarab, the hickory scale, in 
Ohio and Georgia on hickory. 
Fiorinia externa Ferris, the elongate hemlock scale or fiorinia hemlock scale, 
has apparently been introduced from the Orient and is known in || Eastern States 
from Connecticut to Georgia and west to Ohio. Hosts include spruce, fir, Douglas- 
fir, yew, and hemlock, with the latter being the most common. It occurs in 
ornamental and natural vegetation. The external appearance of species of Fiorinia is 
unusual because the adult female 1s completely enclosed within the shed skin of the 
second instar. The second instar’s shed skin is elongate, yellow to brown, and has 
the wax and shed skin of the first instar attached at the terminal end. The body of the 
adult female and the eggs are yellow. The cover of the male is elongate, white, has 
three longitudinal ridges, and a terminal shed skin. The body of the adult male is 
yellow. 
The elongate hemlock scale is unusual in that it continues to reproduce and 
develop throughout the year in some locations; consequently, all stages are present 
at all times (279). In Connecticut there is one complete generation and a second 
partial generation. Only about one-third of the population begins the second 
generation; the bulk of the population overwinters as adult females or eggs (773). 
Adult females produce small batches of eggs which are replaced after hatching. 
Adult females may live up to a year. First instars settle on the undersides of needles 
and produce two kinds of waxy secretions. The first is a filamentous secretion 
produced by a pair of glands between the antennae. This secretion builds into a 
mass of tangled strands and becomes so abundant that it gives the undersides of 
infested needles a white appearance. The second secretion is produced posteriorly 
and eventually forms the wax covering over the body. Winged males are common. 
The elongate hemlock scale can cause serious damage to hemlocks in the North- 
eastern United States. Severe infestations cause yellowing of the needles, needle 
drop, and inhibited growth, giving the hemlock a thin, weak appearance. Natural 
enemies include two chalcidoid wasps and a lady beetle. 
The tea scale, F. theae Green, was introduced from the Orient and occurs in 14 
Southeastern States from Maryland to Florida and west to Louisiana. It is reported 
in several Northeastern States but probably is unable to winter out of doors. This 
species is truly polyphagous but seems to prefer holly and camellia. It occurs 
primarily in ornamental plantings. The second instar’s shed skin is dark brown or 
black and has a dorsomedian ridge; the medial area is darkest. The first instar’s shed 
skin is yellow and terminal. The body of the adult female and the eggs are yellow. 
The adult male’s cover is elongate, white, has three longitudinal ridges, and a 
yellow, terminal shed skin. 
The tea scale reproduces for an extended period, causing most infestations to 
have all stages present at one time. There are apparently many generations per year. 
Eggs are laid and crawlers settle on the leaves of the host. Males are common. 
Heavy infestations can severely damage the host. This species is generally con- 
sidered the most serious scale pest of ornamental shrubs and trees in the Southeast 
and is perhaps the most difficult to control. A white powdery host plant is a good 
indicator of an infestation of tea scale. Natural enemies include at least one 
chalcidoid wasp, a fungus, and several species of lady beetles. 
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